Fix documentation of merge-certs command

Replaced with custom test DSL that avoids System.exit

.woodpecker/build.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 steps:
   run:
+    when:
+      event: push
     image: gradle:7.6-jdk11-jammy
     commands:
       # Install Sequoia-SOP

.woodpecker/reuse.yml

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 # See https://reuse.software/
 steps:
   reuse:
+    when:
+      event: push
     image: fsfe/reuse:latest
     commands:
       - reuse lint

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -6,6 +6,17 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 # Changelog
 
+## 10.0.1-SNAPSHOT
+- Remove `label()` option from `Armor` operation
+- Fix exit code for 'Missing required option/parameter' error
+- Fix `revoke-key`: Allow for multiple invocations of `--with-key-password` option
+
+## 10.0.0
+- Update implementation to [SOP Specification revision 10](https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-dkg-openpgp-stateless-cli-10.html).
+  - Throw `BadData` when passing KEYS where CERTS are expected
+  - Introduce `sopv` interface subset with revision `1.0`
+  - Add `sop version --sopv`
+
 ## 8.0.1
 - `decrypt`: Do not throw `NoSignature` exception (exit code 3) if `--verify-with` is provided, but `VERIFICATIONS` is empty.
 

README.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 # SOP for Java
 
 [![status-badge](https://ci.codeberg.org/api/badges/PGPainless/sop-java/status.svg)](https://ci.codeberg.org/PGPainless/sop-java)
-[![Spec Revision: 8](https://img.shields.io/badge/Spec%20Revision-8-blue)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-dkg-openpgp-stateless-cli/08/)
+[![Spec Revision: 10](https://img.shields.io/badge/Spec%20Revision-10-blue)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-dkg-openpgp-stateless-cli/10/)
 [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/pgpainless/sop-java/badge.svg?branch=main)](https://coveralls.io/github/pgpainless/sop-java?branch=main)
 [![REUSE status](https://api.reuse.software/badge/github.com/pgpainless/sop-java)](https://api.reuse.software/info/github.com/pgpainless/sop-java)
 
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ The repository contains the following modules:
 * [sop-java](/sop-java) defines a set of Java interfaces describing the Stateless OpenPGP Protocol.
 * [sop-java-picocli](/sop-java-picocli) contains a wrapper application that transforms the `sop-java` API into a command line application
 compatible with the SOP-CLI specification.
+* [external-sop](/external-sop) contains an API implementation that can be used to forward API calls to a SOP executable,
+allowing to delegate the implementation logic to an arbitrary SOP CLI implementation.
 
 ## Known Implementations
 (Please expand!)

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/ExternalSOP.kt

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import sop.external.operation.*
 import sop.operation.*
 
 /**
- * Implementation of the {@link SOP} API using an external SOP binary.
+ * Implementation of the [SOP] API using an external SOP binary.
  *
  * Instantiate an [ExternalSOP] object for the given binary and the given [TempDirProvider] using
  * empty environment variables.
@@ -69,6 +69,14 @@ class ExternalSOP(
     override fun changeKeyPassword(): ChangeKeyPassword =
         ChangeKeyPasswordExternal(binaryName, properties)
 
+    override fun updateKey(): UpdateKey = UpdateKeyExternal(binaryName, properties)
+
+    override fun mergeCerts(): MergeCerts = MergeCertsExternal(binaryName, properties)
+
+    override fun certifyUserId(): CertifyUserId = CertifyUserIdExternal(binaryName, properties)
+
+    override fun validateUserId(): ValidateUserId = ValidateUserIdExternal(binaryName, properties)
+
     /**
      * This interface can be used to provide a directory in which external SOP binaries can
      * temporarily store additional results of OpenPGP operations such that the binding classes can
@@ -169,6 +177,18 @@ class ExternalSOP(
                 UnsupportedProfile.EXIT_CODE ->
                     throw UnsupportedProfile(
                         "External SOP backend reported error UnsupportedProfile ($exitCode):\n$errorMessage")
+                NoHardwareKeyFound.EXIT_CODE ->
+                    throw NoHardwareKeyFound(
+                        "External SOP backend reported error NoHardwareKeyFound ($exitCode):\n$errorMessage")
+                HardwareKeyFailure.EXIT_CODE ->
+                    throw HardwareKeyFailure(
+                        "External SOP backend reported error HardwareKeyFalure ($exitCode):\n$errorMessage")
+                PrimaryKeyBad.EXIT_CODE ->
+                    throw PrimaryKeyBad(
+                        "External SOP backend reported error PrimaryKeyBad ($exitCode):\n$errorMessage")
+                CertUserIdNoMatch.EXIT_CODE ->
+                    throw CertUserIdNoMatch(
+                        "External SOP backend reported error CertUserIdNoMatch ($exitCode):\n$errorMessage")
 
                 // Did you forget to add a case for a new exception type?
                 else ->

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/ExternalSOPV.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.external
+
+import java.nio.file.Files
+import java.util.*
+import sop.SOPV
+import sop.external.ExternalSOP.TempDirProvider
+import sop.external.operation.DetachedVerifyExternal
+import sop.external.operation.InlineVerifyExternal
+import sop.external.operation.VersionExternal
+import sop.operation.DetachedVerify
+import sop.operation.InlineVerify
+import sop.operation.Version
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the [SOPV] API subset using an external sopv/sop binary.
+ *
+ * Instantiate an [ExternalSOPV] object for the given binary and the given [TempDirProvider] using
+ * empty environment variables.
+ *
+ * @param binaryName name / path of the sopv binary
+ * @param tempDirProvider custom tempDirProvider
+ */
+class ExternalSOPV(
+    private val binaryName: String,
+    private val properties: Properties = Properties(),
+    private val tempDirProvider: TempDirProvider = defaultTempDirProvider()
+) : SOPV {
+
+    override fun version(): Version = VersionExternal(binaryName, properties)
+
+    override fun detachedVerify(): DetachedVerify = DetachedVerifyExternal(binaryName, properties)
+
+    override fun inlineVerify(): InlineVerify =
+        InlineVerifyExternal(binaryName, properties, tempDirProvider)
+
+    companion object {
+
+        /**
+         * Default implementation of the [TempDirProvider] which stores temporary files in the
+         * systems temp dir ([Files.createTempDirectory]).
+         *
+         * @return default implementation
+         */
+        @JvmStatic
+        fun defaultTempDirProvider(): TempDirProvider {
+            return TempDirProvider { Files.createTempDirectory("ext-sopv").toFile() }
+        }
+    }
+}

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/operation/ArmorExternal.kt

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package sop.external.operation
 import java.io.InputStream
 import java.util.Properties
 import sop.Ready
-import sop.enums.ArmorLabel
 import sop.exception.SOPGPException
 import sop.external.ExternalSOP
 import sop.operation.Armor
@@ -18,8 +17,6 @@ class ArmorExternal(binary: String, environment: Properties) : Armor {
     private val commandList: MutableList<String> = mutableListOf(binary, "armor")
     private val envList: List<String> = ExternalSOP.propertiesToEnv(environment)
 
-    override fun label(label: ArmorLabel): Armor = apply { commandList.add("--label=$label") }
-
     @Throws(SOPGPException.BadData::class)
     override fun data(data: InputStream): Ready =
         ExternalSOP.executeTransformingOperation(Runtime.getRuntime(), commandList, envList, data)

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/operation/CertifyUserIdExternal.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.external.operation
+
+import java.io.InputStream
+import java.util.*
+import sop.Ready
+import sop.external.ExternalSOP
+import sop.operation.CertifyUserId
+
+class CertifyUserIdExternal(binary: String, environment: Properties) : CertifyUserId {
+
+    private val commandList = mutableListOf(binary, "version")
+    private val envList = ExternalSOP.propertiesToEnv(environment).toMutableList()
+
+    private var argCount = 0
+
+    private val keys: MutableList<String> = mutableListOf()
+
+    override fun noArmor(): CertifyUserId = apply { commandList.add("--no-armor") }
+
+    override fun userId(userId: String): CertifyUserId = apply {
+        commandList.add("--userid")
+        commandList.add(userId)
+    }
+
+    override fun withKeyPassword(password: ByteArray): CertifyUserId = apply {
+        commandList.add("--with-key-password=@ENV:KEY_PASSWORD_$argCount")
+        envList.add("KEY_PASSWORD_$argCount=${String(password)}")
+        argCount += 1
+    }
+
+    override fun noRequireSelfSig(): CertifyUserId = apply {
+        commandList.add("--no-require-self-sig")
+    }
+
+    override fun keys(keys: InputStream): CertifyUserId = apply {
+        this.keys.add("@ENV:KEY_$argCount")
+        envList.add("KEY_$argCount=${ExternalSOP.readString(keys)}")
+        argCount += 1
+    }
+
+    override fun certs(certs: InputStream): Ready =
+        ExternalSOP.executeTransformingOperation(
+            Runtime.getRuntime(), commandList.plus(keys), envList, certs)
+}

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/operation/DecryptExternal.kt

@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ class DecryptExternal(
                     finish(process)
 
                     val sessionKeyOutIn = FileInputStream(sessionKeyOut)
-                    var line = readString(sessionKeyOutIn)
-                    val sessionKey = SessionKey.fromString(line.trim { it <= ' ' })
+                    var line: String? = readString(sessionKeyOutIn)
+                    val sessionKey = line?.let { l -> SessionKey.fromString(l.trim { it <= ' ' }) }
                     sessionKeyOutIn.close()
                     sessionKeyOut.delete()
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class DecryptExternal(
                         val verifyOutIn = FileInputStream(verifyOut)
                         val reader = BufferedReader(InputStreamReader(verifyOutIn))
                         while (reader.readLine().also { line = it } != null) {
-                            verifications.add(Verification.fromString(line.trim()))
+                            line?.let { verifications.add(Verification.fromString(it.trim())) }
                         }
                         reader.close()
                     }

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/operation/EncryptExternal.kt

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class EncryptExternal(
     override fun mode(mode: EncryptAs): Encrypt = apply { commandList.add("--as=$mode") }
 
     override fun signWith(key: InputStream): Encrypt = apply {
-        commandList.add("--sign-with@ENV:SIGN_WITH_$argCounter")
+        commandList.add("--sign-with=@ENV:SIGN_WITH_$argCounter")
         envList.add("SIGN_WITH_$argCounter=${ExternalSOP.readString(key)}")
         argCounter += 1
     }

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/operation/MergeCertsExternal.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.external.operation
+
+import java.io.InputStream
+import java.util.*
+import sop.Ready
+import sop.external.ExternalSOP
+import sop.operation.MergeCerts
+
+class MergeCertsExternal(binary: String, environment: Properties) : MergeCerts {
+
+    private val commandList = mutableListOf(binary, "version")
+    private val envList = ExternalSOP.propertiesToEnv(environment).toMutableList()
+
+    private var argCount = 0
+
+    override fun noArmor(): MergeCerts = apply { commandList.add("--no-armor") }
+
+    override fun updates(updateCerts: InputStream): MergeCerts = apply {
+        commandList.add("@ENV:CERT_$argCount")
+        envList.add("CERT_$argCount=${ExternalSOP.readString(updateCerts)}")
+        argCount += 1
+    }
+
+    override fun baseCertificates(certs: InputStream): Ready =
+        ExternalSOP.executeTransformingOperation(Runtime.getRuntime(), commandList, envList, certs)
+}

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/operation/UpdateKeyExternal.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.external.operation
+
+import java.io.InputStream
+import java.util.*
+import sop.Ready
+import sop.external.ExternalSOP
+import sop.operation.UpdateKey
+
+class UpdateKeyExternal(binary: String, environment: Properties) : UpdateKey {
+
+    private val commandList = mutableListOf(binary, "update-key")
+    private val envList = ExternalSOP.propertiesToEnv(environment).toMutableList()
+
+    private var argCount = 0
+
+    override fun noArmor(): UpdateKey = apply { commandList.add("--no-armor") }
+
+    override fun signingOnly(): UpdateKey = apply { commandList.add("--signing-only") }
+
+    override fun noNewMechanisms(): UpdateKey = apply { commandList.add("--no-new-mechanisms") }
+
+    override fun withKeyPassword(password: ByteArray): UpdateKey = apply {
+        commandList.add("--with-key-password=@ENV:KEY_PASSWORD_$argCount")
+        envList.add("KEY_PASSWORD_$argCount=${String(password)}")
+        argCount += 1
+    }
+
+    override fun mergeCerts(certs: InputStream): UpdateKey = apply {
+        commandList.add("--merge-certs")
+        commandList.add("@ENV:CERT_$argCount")
+        envList.add("CERT_$argCount=${ExternalSOP.readString(certs)}")
+        argCount += 1
+    }
+
+    override fun key(key: InputStream): Ready =
+        ExternalSOP.executeTransformingOperation(Runtime.getRuntime(), commandList, envList, key)
+}

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/operation/ValidateUserIdExternal.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.external.operation
+
+import java.io.InputStream
+import java.util.*
+import sop.external.ExternalSOP
+import sop.operation.ValidateUserId
+
+class ValidateUserIdExternal(binary: String, environment: Properties) : ValidateUserId {
+
+    private val commandList = mutableListOf(binary, "version")
+    private val envList = ExternalSOP.propertiesToEnv(environment).toMutableList()
+
+    private var argCount = 0
+
+    private var userId: String? = null
+    private val authorities: MutableList<String> = mutableListOf()
+
+    override fun addrSpecOnly(): ValidateUserId = apply { commandList.add("--addr-spec-only") }
+
+    override fun userId(userId: String): ValidateUserId = apply { this.userId = userId }
+
+    override fun authorities(certs: InputStream): ValidateUserId = apply {
+        this.authorities.add("@ENV:CERT_$argCount")
+        envList.add("CERT_$argCount=${ExternalSOP.readString(certs)}")
+        argCount += 1
+    }
+
+    override fun subjects(certs: InputStream): Boolean {
+        ExternalSOP.executeTransformingOperation(
+                Runtime.getRuntime(), commandList.plus(userId!!).plus(authorities), envList, certs)
+            .bytes
+        return true
+    }
+}

external-sop/src/main/kotlin/sop/external/operation/VersionExternal.kt

@@ -68,6 +68,10 @@ class VersionExternal(binary: String, environment: Properties) : Version {
         return null
     }
 
+    override fun getSopVVersion(): String {
+        return executeForLines(commandList.plus("--sopv"))
+    }
+
     override fun getSopSpecVersion(): String {
         return executeForLines(commandList.plus("--sop-spec"))
     }

sop-java-picocli/build.gradle

@@ -12,15 +12,12 @@ dependencies {
     testImplementation "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:$junitVersion"
     testRuntimeOnly "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:$junitVersion"
 
-    // Testing Exit Codes in JUnit
-    // https://todd.ginsberg.com/post/testing-system-exit/
-    testImplementation "com.ginsberg:junit5-system-exit:$junitSysExitVersion"
-
     // Mocking Components
     testImplementation "org.mockito:mockito-core:$mockitoVersion"
 
     // SOP
     implementation(project(":sop-java"))
+    testImplementation(testFixtures(project(":sop-java")))
 
     // CLI
     implementation "info.picocli:picocli:$picocliVersion"

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/SOPExceptionExitCodeMapper.kt

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ class SOPExceptionExitCodeMapper : IExitCodeExceptionMapper {
                 // Unmatched subcommand
                 SOPGPException.UnsupportedSubcommand.EXIT_CODE
             }
+        } else if (exception is MissingParameterException) {
+            SOPGPException.MissingArg.EXIT_CODE
         } else if (exception is ParameterException) {
             // Invalid option (e.g. `--as invalid`)
             SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/SopCLI.kt

@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ import sop.exception.SOPGPException
             ChangeKeyPasswordCmd::class,
             RevokeKeyCmd::class,
             ExtractCertCmd::class,
+            UpdateKeyCmd::class,
+            MergeCertsCmd::class,
+            CertifyUserIdCmd::class,
+            ValidateUserIdCmd::class,
             // Messaging subcommands
             SignCmd::class,
             VerifyCmd::class,
@@ -79,8 +83,8 @@ class SopCLI {
             // Re-set bundle with updated locale
             cliMsg = ResourceBundle.getBundle("msg_sop")
 
-            return CommandLine(SopCLI::class.java)
-                .apply {
+            val cmd =
+                CommandLine(SopCLI::class.java).apply {
                     // explicitly set help command resource bundle
                     subcommands["help"]?.setResourceBundle(ResourceBundle.getBundle("msg_help"))
                     // Hide generate-completion command
@@ -92,7 +96,15 @@ class SopCLI {
                     exitCodeExceptionMapper = SOPExceptionExitCodeMapper()
                     isCaseInsensitiveEnumValuesAllowed = true
                 }
-                .execute(*args)
+
+            // render Input/Output sections in help command
+            cmd.subcommands.values
+                .filter {
+                    (it.getCommand() as Any) is AbstractSopCmd
+                } // Only for AbstractSopCmd objects
+                .forEach { (it.getCommand() as AbstractSopCmd).installIORenderer(it) }
+
+            return cmd.execute(*args)
         }
     }
 

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/SopVCLI.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.cli.picocli
+
+import java.util.*
+import kotlin.system.exitProcess
+import picocli.AutoComplete
+import picocli.CommandLine
+import sop.SOPV
+import sop.cli.picocli.commands.*
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException
+
+@CommandLine.Command(
+    name = "sopv",
+    resourceBundle = "msg_sop",
+    exitCodeOnInvalidInput = SOPGPException.UnsupportedSubcommand.EXIT_CODE,
+    subcommands =
+        [
+            // Meta subcommands
+            VersionCmd::class,
+            // signature verification subcommands
+            VerifyCmd::class,
+            InlineVerifyCmd::class,
+            // misc
+            CommandLine.HelpCommand::class,
+            AutoComplete.GenerateCompletion::class])
+class SopVCLI {
+
+    companion object {
+        @JvmStatic private var sopvInstance: SOPV? = null
+
+        @JvmStatic
+        fun getSopV(): SOPV =
+            checkNotNull(sopvInstance) { cliMsg.getString("sop.error.runtime.no_backend_set") }
+
+        @JvmStatic
+        fun setSopVInstance(sopv: SOPV?) {
+            sopvInstance = sopv
+        }
+
+        @JvmField var cliMsg: ResourceBundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("msg_sop")
+
+        @JvmField var EXECUTABLE_NAME = "sopv"
+
+        @JvmField
+        @CommandLine.Option(names = ["--stacktrace"], scope = CommandLine.ScopeType.INHERIT)
+        var stacktrace = false
+
+        @JvmStatic
+        fun main(vararg args: String) {
+            val exitCode = execute(*args)
+            if (exitCode != 0) {
+                exitProcess(exitCode)
+            }
+        }
+
+        @JvmStatic
+        fun execute(vararg args: String): Int {
+            // Set locale
+            CommandLine(InitLocale()).parseArgs(*args)
+
+            // Re-set bundle with updated locale
+            cliMsg = ResourceBundle.getBundle("msg_sop")
+
+            return CommandLine(SopVCLI::class.java)
+                .apply {
+                    // explicitly set help command resource bundle
+                    subcommands["help"]?.setResourceBundle(ResourceBundle.getBundle("msg_help"))
+                    // Hide generate-completion command
+                    subcommands["generate-completion"]?.commandSpec?.usageMessage()?.hidden(true)
+                    // overwrite executable name
+                    commandName = EXECUTABLE_NAME
+                    // setup exception handling
+                    executionExceptionHandler = SOPExecutionExceptionHandler()
+                    exitCodeExceptionMapper = SOPExceptionExitCodeMapper()
+                    isCaseInsensitiveEnumValuesAllowed = true
+                }
+                .execute(*args)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Control the locale.
+     *
+     * @see <a href="https://picocli.info/#_controlling_the_locale">Picocli Readme</a>
+     */
+    @CommandLine.Command
+    class InitLocale {
+        @CommandLine.Option(names = ["-l", "--locale"], descriptionKey = "sop.locale")
+        fun setLocale(locale: String) = Locale.setDefault(Locale(locale))
+
+        @CommandLine.Unmatched
+        var remainder: MutableList<String> =
+            mutableListOf() // ignore any other parameters and options in the first parsing phase
+    }
+}

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/commands/AbstractSopCmd.kt

@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ package sop.cli.picocli.commands
 import java.io.*
 import java.text.ParseException
 import java.util.*
+import picocli.CommandLine
+import picocli.CommandLine.Help
+import picocli.CommandLine.Help.Column
+import picocli.CommandLine.Help.TextTable
+import picocli.CommandLine.IHelpSectionRenderer
 import sop.cli.picocli.commands.AbstractSopCmd.EnvironmentVariableResolver
 import sop.exception.SOPGPException.*
 import sop.util.UTCUtil.Companion.parseUTCDate
@@ -215,11 +220,106 @@ abstract class AbstractSopCmd(locale: Locale = Locale.getDefault()) : Runnable {
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * See
+     * [Example](https://github.com/remkop/picocli/blob/main/picocli-examples/src/main/java/picocli/examples/customhelp/EnvironmentVariablesSection.java)
+     */
+    class InputOutputHelpSectionRenderer(private val argument: Pair<String?, String?>) :
+        IHelpSectionRenderer {
+
+        override fun render(help: Help): String {
+            return argument.let {
+                val calcLen =
+                    help.calcLongOptionColumnWidth(
+                        help.commandSpec().options(),
+                        help.commandSpec().positionalParameters(),
+                        help.colorScheme())
+                val keyLength =
+                    help
+                        .commandSpec()
+                        .usageMessage()
+                        .longOptionsMaxWidth()
+                        .coerceAtMost(calcLen - 1)
+                val table =
+                    TextTable.forColumns(
+                        help.colorScheme(),
+                        Column(keyLength + 7, 6, Column.Overflow.SPAN),
+                        Column(width(help) - (keyLength + 7), 0, Column.Overflow.WRAP))
+                table.setAdjustLineBreaksForWideCJKCharacters(adjustCJK(help))
+                table.addRowValues("@|yellow ${argument.first}|@", argument.second ?: "")
+                table.toString()
+            }
+        }
+
+        private fun adjustCJK(help: Help) =
+            help.commandSpec().usageMessage().adjustLineBreaksForWideCJKCharacters()
+
+        private fun width(help: Help) = help.commandSpec().usageMessage().width()
+    }
+
+    fun installIORenderer(cmd: CommandLine) {
+        val inputName = getResString(cmd, "standardInput")
+        if (inputName != null) {
+            cmd.helpSectionMap[SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_INPUT_HEADING] = IHelpSectionRenderer {
+                getResString(cmd, "standardInputHeading")
+            }
+            cmd.helpSectionMap[SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_INPUT_DETAILS] =
+                InputOutputHelpSectionRenderer(
+                    inputName to getResString(cmd, "standardInputDescription"))
+            cmd.helpSectionKeys =
+                insertKey(
+                    cmd.helpSectionKeys,
+                    SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_INPUT_HEADING,
+                    SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_INPUT_DETAILS)
+        }
+
+        val outputName = getResString(cmd, "standardOutput")
+        if (outputName != null) {
+            cmd.helpSectionMap[SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_OUTPUT_HEADING] = IHelpSectionRenderer {
+                getResString(cmd, "standardOutputHeading")
+            }
+            cmd.helpSectionMap[SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_OUTPUT_DETAILS] =
+                InputOutputHelpSectionRenderer(
+                    outputName to getResString(cmd, "standardOutputDescription"))
+            cmd.helpSectionKeys =
+                insertKey(
+                    cmd.helpSectionKeys,
+                    SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_OUTPUT_HEADING,
+                    SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_OUTPUT_DETAILS)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun insertKey(keys: List<String>, header: String, details: String): List<String> {
+        val index =
+            keys.indexOf(CommandLine.Model.UsageMessageSpec.SECTION_KEY_EXIT_CODE_LIST_HEADING)
+        val result = keys.toMutableList()
+        result.add(index, header)
+        result.add(index + 1, details)
+        return result
+    }
+
+    private fun getResString(cmd: CommandLine, key: String): String? =
+        try {
+                cmd.resourceBundle.getString(key)
+            } catch (m: MissingResourceException) {
+                try {
+                    cmd.parent.resourceBundle.getString(key)
+                } catch (m: MissingResourceException) {
+                    null
+                }
+            }
+            ?.let { String.format(it) }
+
     companion object {
         const val PRFX_ENV = "@ENV:"
 
         const val PRFX_FD = "@FD:"
 
+        const val SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_INPUT_HEADING = "standardInputHeading"
+        const val SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_INPUT_DETAILS = "standardInput"
+        const val SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_OUTPUT_HEADING = "standardOutputHeading"
+        const val SECTION_KEY_STANDARD_OUTPUT_DETAILS = "standardOutput"
+
         @JvmField val DAWN_OF_TIME = Date(0)
 
         @JvmField

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/commands/CertifyUserIdCmd.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.cli.picocli.commands
+
+import java.io.IOException
+import picocli.CommandLine.Command
+import picocli.CommandLine.Option
+import picocli.CommandLine.Parameters
+import sop.cli.picocli.SopCLI
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException.BadData
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption
+
+@Command(
+    name = "certify-userid",
+    resourceBundle = "msg_certify-userid",
+    exitCodeOnInvalidInput = UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE,
+    showEndOfOptionsDelimiterInUsageHelp = true)
+class CertifyUserIdCmd : AbstractSopCmd() {
+
+    @Option(names = ["--no-armor"], negatable = true) var armor = true
+
+    @Option(names = ["--userid"], required = true, arity = "1..*", paramLabel = "USERID")
+    var userIds: List<String> = listOf()
+
+    @Option(names = ["--with-key-password"], paramLabel = "PASSWORD")
+    var withKeyPassword: List<String> = listOf()
+
+    @Option(names = ["--no-require-self-sig"]) var noRequireSelfSig = false
+
+    @Parameters(paramLabel = "KEYS", arity = "1..*") var keys: List<String> = listOf()
+
+    override fun run() {
+        val certifyUserId =
+            throwIfUnsupportedSubcommand(SopCLI.getSop().certifyUserId(), "certify-userid")
+
+        if (!armor) {
+            certifyUserId.noArmor()
+        }
+
+        if (noRequireSelfSig) {
+            certifyUserId.noRequireSelfSig()
+        }
+
+        for (userId in userIds) {
+            certifyUserId.userId(userId)
+        }
+
+        for (passwordFileName in withKeyPassword) {
+            try {
+                val password = stringFromInputStream(getInput(passwordFileName))
+                certifyUserId.withKeyPassword(password)
+            } catch (unsupportedOption: UnsupportedOption) {
+                val errorMsg =
+                    getMsg("sop.error.feature_support.option_not_supported", "--with-key-password")
+                throw UnsupportedOption(errorMsg, unsupportedOption)
+            } catch (e: IOException) {
+                throw RuntimeException(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (keyInput in keys) {
+            try {
+                getInput(keyInput).use { certifyUserId.keys(it) }
+            } catch (e: IOException) {
+                throw RuntimeException(e)
+            } catch (badData: BadData) {
+                val errorMsg = getMsg("sop.error.input.not_a_private_key", keyInput)
+                throw BadData(errorMsg, badData)
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            val ready = certifyUserId.certs(System.`in`)
+            ready.writeTo(System.out)
+        } catch (e: IOException) {
+            throw RuntimeException(e)
+        } catch (badData: BadData) {
+            val errorMsg = getMsg("sop.error.input.not_a_private_key", "STDIN")
+            throw BadData(errorMsg, badData)
+        }
+    }
+}

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/commands/MergeCertsCmd.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.cli.picocli.commands
+
+import java.io.IOException
+import picocli.CommandLine
+import picocli.CommandLine.Command
+import sop.cli.picocli.SopCLI
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException
+
+@Command(
+    name = "merge-certs",
+    resourceBundle = "msg_merge-certs",
+    exitCodeOnInvalidInput = SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
+class MergeCertsCmd : AbstractSopCmd() {
+
+    @CommandLine.Option(names = ["--no-armor"], negatable = true) var armor = false
+
+    @CommandLine.Parameters(paramLabel = "CERTS") var updates: List<String> = listOf()
+
+    override fun run() {
+        val mergeCerts = throwIfUnsupportedSubcommand(SopCLI.getSop().mergeCerts(), "merge-certs")
+
+        if (!armor) {
+            mergeCerts.noArmor()
+        }
+
+        for (certFileName in updates) {
+            try {
+                getInput(certFileName).use { mergeCerts.updates(it) }
+            } catch (e: IOException) {
+                throw RuntimeException(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+
+            val ready = mergeCerts.baseCertificates(System.`in`)
+            ready.writeTo(System.out)
+        } catch (e: IOException) {
+            throw RuntimeException(e)
+        }
+    }
+}

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/commands/RevokeKeyCmd.kt

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class RevokeKeyCmd : AbstractSopCmd() {
 
     @Option(names = ["--no-armor"], negatable = true) var armor = true
 
-    @Option(names = ["--with-key-password"], paramLabel = "PASSWORD")
-    var withKeyPassword: String? = null
+    @Option(names = ["--with-key-password"], paramLabel = "PASSWORD", arity = "0..*")
+    var withKeyPassword: List<String> = listOf()
 
     override fun run() {
         val revokeKey = throwIfUnsupportedSubcommand(SopCLI.getSop().revokeKey(), "revoke-key")
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ class RevokeKeyCmd : AbstractSopCmd() {
             revokeKey.noArmor()
         }
 
-        withKeyPassword?.let {
+        for (passwordIn in withKeyPassword) {
             try {
-                val password = stringFromInputStream(getInput(it))
+                val password = stringFromInputStream(getInput(passwordIn))
                 revokeKey.withKeyPassword(password)
             } catch (e: SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption) {
                 val errorMsg =

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/commands/UpdateKeyCmd.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.cli.picocli.commands
+
+import java.io.IOException
+import picocli.CommandLine.Command
+import picocli.CommandLine.Option
+import sop.cli.picocli.SopCLI
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException.*
+
+@Command(
+    name = "update-key",
+    resourceBundle = "msg_update-key",
+    exitCodeOnInvalidInput = UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
+class UpdateKeyCmd : AbstractSopCmd() {
+
+    @Option(names = ["--no-armor"], negatable = true) var armor = true
+
+    @Option(names = ["--signing-only"]) var signingOnly = false
+
+    @Option(names = ["--no-new-mechanisms"]) var noNewMechanisms = false
+
+    @Option(names = ["--with-key-password"], paramLabel = "PASSWORD")
+    var withKeyPassword: List<String> = listOf()
+
+    @Option(names = ["--merge-certs"], paramLabel = "CERTS") var mergeCerts: List<String> = listOf()
+
+    override fun run() {
+        val updateKey = throwIfUnsupportedSubcommand(SopCLI.getSop().updateKey(), "update-key")
+
+        if (!armor) {
+            updateKey.noArmor()
+        }
+
+        if (signingOnly) {
+            updateKey.signingOnly()
+        }
+
+        if (noNewMechanisms) {
+            updateKey.noNewMechanisms()
+        }
+
+        for (passwordFileName in withKeyPassword) {
+            try {
+                val password = stringFromInputStream(getInput(passwordFileName))
+                updateKey.withKeyPassword(password)
+            } catch (unsupportedOption: UnsupportedOption) {
+                val errorMsg =
+                    getMsg("sop.error.feature_support.option_not_supported", "--with-key-password")
+                throw UnsupportedOption(errorMsg, unsupportedOption)
+            } catch (e: IOException) {
+                throw RuntimeException(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (certInput in mergeCerts) {
+            try {
+                getInput(certInput).use { updateKey.mergeCerts(it) }
+            } catch (e: IOException) {
+                throw RuntimeException(e)
+            } catch (badData: BadData) {
+                val errorMsg = getMsg("sop.error.input.not_a_certificate", certInput)
+                throw BadData(errorMsg, badData)
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            val ready = updateKey.key(System.`in`)
+            ready.writeTo(System.out)
+        } catch (e: IOException) {
+            throw RuntimeException(e)
+        } catch (badData: BadData) {
+            val errorMsg = getMsg("sop.error.input.not_a_private_key", "STDIN")
+            throw BadData(errorMsg, badData)
+        }
+    }
+}

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/commands/ValidateUserIdCmd.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.cli.picocli.commands
+
+import java.io.IOException
+import picocli.CommandLine.Command
+import picocli.CommandLine.Option
+import picocli.CommandLine.Parameters
+import sop.cli.picocli.SopCLI
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException
+import sop.util.HexUtil.Companion.bytesToHex
+
+@Command(
+    name = "validate-userid",
+    resourceBundle = "msg_validate-userid",
+    exitCodeOnInvalidInput = SOPGPException.MissingArg.EXIT_CODE,
+    showEndOfOptionsDelimiterInUsageHelp = true)
+class ValidateUserIdCmd : AbstractSopCmd() {
+
+    @Option(names = ["--addr-spec-only"]) var addrSpecOnly: Boolean = false
+
+    @Parameters(index = "0", arity = "1", paramLabel = "USERID") lateinit var userId: String
+
+    @Parameters(index = "1..*", arity = "1..*", paramLabel = "CERTS")
+    var authorities: List<String> = listOf()
+
+    override fun run() {
+        val validateUserId =
+            throwIfUnsupportedSubcommand(SopCLI.getSop().validateUserId(), "validate-userid")
+
+        if (addrSpecOnly) {
+            validateUserId.addrSpecOnly()
+        }
+
+        validateUserId.userId(userId)
+
+        for (authority in authorities) {
+            try {
+                getInput(authority).use { validateUserId.authorities(it) }
+            } catch (e: IOException) {
+                throw RuntimeException(e)
+            } catch (b: SOPGPException.BadData) {
+                val errorMsg = getMsg("sop.error.input.not_a_certificate", authority)
+                throw SOPGPException.BadData(errorMsg, b)
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            val valid = validateUserId.subjects(System.`in`)
+
+            if (!valid) {
+                val errorMsg = getMsg("sop.error.runtime.any_cert_user_id_no_match", userId)
+                throw SOPGPException.CertUserIdNoMatch(errorMsg)
+            }
+        } catch (e: SOPGPException.CertUserIdNoMatch) {
+            val errorMsg =
+                if (e.fingerprint != null) {
+                    getMsg(
+                        "sop.error.runtime.cert_user_id_no_match",
+                        bytesToHex(e.fingerprint!!),
+                        userId)
+                } else {
+                    getMsg("sop.error.runtime.any_cert_user_id_no_match", userId)
+                }
+            throw SOPGPException.CertUserIdNoMatch(errorMsg, e)
+        } catch (e: SOPGPException.BadData) {
+            val errorMsg = getMsg("sop.error.input.not_a_certificate", "STDIN")
+            throw SOPGPException.BadData(errorMsg, e)
+        } catch (e: IOException) {
+            throw RuntimeException(e)
+        }
+    }
+}

sop-java-picocli/src/main/kotlin/sop/cli/picocli/commands/VersionCmd.kt

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class VersionCmd : AbstractSopCmd() {
         @Option(names = ["--extended"]) var extended: Boolean = false
         @Option(names = ["--backend"]) var backend: Boolean = false
         @Option(names = ["--sop-spec"]) var sopSpec: Boolean = false
+        @Option(names = ["--sopv"]) var sopv: Boolean = false
     }
 
     override fun run() {
@@ -47,5 +48,10 @@ class VersionCmd : AbstractSopCmd() {
             println(version.getSopSpecVersion())
             return
         }
+
+        if (exclusive!!.sopv) {
+            println(version.getSopVVersion())
+            return
+        }
     }
 }

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_armor.properties

@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 usage.header=Add ASCII Armor to standard input
-label=Label to be used in the header and tail of the armoring
+
+standardInput=BINARY
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP material (SIGNATURES, KEYS, CERTS, CIPHERTEXT, INLINESIGNED)
+standardOutput=ARMORED
+standardOutputDescription=Same material, but with ASCII-armoring added, if not already present
 
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_armor_de.properties

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 usage.header=Schütze Standard-Eingabe mit ASCII Armor
-label=Label für Kopf- und Fußzeile der ASCII Armor
+
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP Material (SIGNATURES, KEYS, CERTS, CIPHERTEXT, INLINESIGNED)
+standardOutputDescription=Dasselbe Material, aber mit ASCII Armor kodiert, falls noch nicht geschehen
 
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_certify-userid.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+usage.header=Certify OpenPGP Certificate User IDs
+no-armor=ASCII armor the output
+userid=Identities that shall be certified
+with-key-password.0=Passphrase to unlock the secret key(s).
+with-key-password.1=Is an INDIRECT data type (e.g. file, environment variable, file descriptor...).
+no-require-self-sig=Certify the UserID regardless of whether self-certifications are present
+KEYS[0..*]=Private keys
+
+standardInput=CERTS
+standardInputDescription=Certificates that shall be certified
+standardOutput=CERTS
+standardOutputDescription=Certified certificates
+
+picocli.endofoptions.description=End of options. Remainder are positional parameters. Fixes 'Missing required parameter' error
+
+stacktrace=Print stacktrace
+# Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
+usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
+usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_certify-userid_de.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+usage.header=Zertifiziere OpenPGP Zertifikat Identitäten
+no-armor=Schütze Ausgabe mit ASCII Armor
+userid=Identität, die zertifiziert werden soll
+with-key-password.0=Passwort zum Entsperren der privaten Schlüssel
+with-key-password.1=Ist INDIREKTER Datentyp (z.B.. Datei, Umgebungsvariable, Dateideskriptor...).
+no-require-self-sig=Zertifiziere die Identität, unabhängig davon, ob eine Selbstzertifizierung vorhanden ist
+KEYS[0..*]=Private Schlüssel
+
+standardInputDescription=Zertifikate, auf denen Identitäten zertifiziert werden sollen
+standardOutputDescription=Zertifizierte Zertifikate
+
+picocli.endofoptions.description=Ende der Optionen. Der Rest sind Positionsparameter. Behebt 'Missing required parameter' Fehler
+
+# Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
+usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
+usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
+usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_change-key-password.properties

@@ -12,10 +12,15 @@ old-key-password.0=Old passwords to unlock the keys with.
 old-key-password.1=Multiple passwords can be passed in, which are tested sequentially to unlock locked subkeys.
 old-key-password.2=Is an INDIRECT data type (e.g. file, environment variable, file descriptor...).
 
+standardInput=KEYS
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP keys whose passphrases shall be changed
+standardOutput=KEYS
+standardOutputDescription=OpenPGP keys with changed passphrases
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.descriptionHeading=%nDescription:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_change-key-password_de.properties

@@ -12,10 +12,13 @@ old-key-password.0=Alte Passw
 old-key-password.1=Mehrere Passwortkandidaten können übergeben werden, welche der Reihe nach durchprobiert werden, um Unterschlüssel zu entsperren.
 old-key-password.2=Ist ein INDIREKTER Datentyp (z.B.. Datei, Umgebungsvariable, Dateideskriptor...).
 
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP Schlüssel deren Passwörter geändert werden sollen
+standardOutputDescription=OpenPGP Schlüssel mit geänderten Passwörtern
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.descriptionHeading=%nBeschreibung:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_dearmor.properties

@@ -3,9 +3,14 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 usage.header=Remove ASCII Armor from standard input
 
+standardInput=ARMORED
+standardInputDescription=Armored OpenPGP material (SIGNATURES, KEYS, CERTS, CIPHERTEXT, INLINESIGNED)
+standardOutput=BINARY
+standardOutputDescription=Same material, but with ASCII-armoring removed
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_dearmor_de.properties

@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 usage.header=Entferne ASCII Armor von Standard-Eingabe
 
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP Material mit ASCII Armor (SIGNATURES, KEYS, CERTS, CIPHERTEXT, INLINESIGNED)
+standardOutputDescription=Dasselbe Material, aber mit entfernter ASCII Armor
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_decrypt.properties

@@ -22,10 +22,15 @@ with-key-password.0=Passphrase to unlock the secret key(s).
 with-key-password.1=Is an INDIRECT data type (e.g. file, environment variable, file descriptor...).
 KEY[0..*]=Secret keys to attempt decryption with
 
+standardInput=CIPHERTEXT
+standardInputDescription=Encrypted OpenPGP message
+standardOutput=DATA
+standardOutputDescription=Decrypted OpenPGP message
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_decrypt_de.properties

@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@ with-key-password.0=Passwort zum Entsperren der privaten Schl
 with-key-password.1=Ist INDIREKTER Datentyp (z.B.. Datei, Umgebungsvariable, Dateideskriptor...).
 KEY[0..*]=Private Schlüssel zum Entschlüsseln der Nachricht
 
+standardInputDescription=Verschlüsselte OpenPGP Nachricht
+standardOutputDescription=Entschlüsselte OpenPGP Nachricht
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_detached-sign.properties

@@ -11,10 +11,15 @@ with-key-password.1=Is an INDIRECT data type (e.g. file, environment variable, f
 micalg-out=Emits the digest algorithm used to the specified file in a way that can be used to populate the micalg parameter for the PGP/MIME Content-Type (RFC3156).
 KEYS[0..*]=Secret keys used for signing
 
+standardInput=DATA
+standardInputDescription=Data that shall be signed
+standardOutput=SIGNATURES
+standardOutputDescription=Detached OpenPGP signature(s)
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_detached-sign_de.properties

@@ -11,10 +11,13 @@ with-key-password.1=Ist ein INDIREKTER Datentyp (z.B.. Datei, Umgebungsvariable,
 micalg-out=Gibt den verwendeten Digest-Algorithmus an die angegebene Ausgabe in einer Form aus, die zum Auffüllen des micalg-Parameters für den PGP/MIME Content-Type (RFC3156) verwendet werden kann.
 KEYS[0..*]=Private Signaturschlüssel
 
+standardInputDescription=Daten die signiert werden sollen
+standardOutputDescription=Abgetrennte OpenPGP Signatur(en)
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_detached-verify.properties

@@ -13,11 +13,16 @@ not-after.3=Accepts special value "-" for end of time.
 SIGNATURE[0]=Detached signature
 CERT[1..*]=Public key certificates for signature verification
 
+standardInput=DATA
+standardInputDescription=Data over which the detached signatures were calculated
+standardOutput=VERIFICATIONS
+standardOutputDescription=Information about successfully verified signatures
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.descriptionHeading=%nDescription:%n
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_detached-verify_de.properties

@@ -13,11 +13,14 @@ not-after.3=Akzeptiert speziellen Wert '-' f
 SIGNATURE[0]=Abgetrennte Signatur
 CERT[1..*]=Zertifikate (öffentliche Schlüssel) zur Signaturprüfung
 
+standardInputDescription=Daten, über die die abgetrennten Signaturen erstellt wurden
+standardOutputDescription=Informationen über erfolgreich verifizierte Signaturen
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.descriptionHeading=%nBeschreibung:%n
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_encrypt.properties

@@ -12,10 +12,15 @@ with-key-password.0=Passphrase to unlock the secret key(s).
 with-key-password.1=Is an INDIRECT data type (e.g. file, environment variable, file descriptor...).
 CERTS[0..*]=Certificates the message gets encrypted to
 
+standardInput=DATA
+standardInputDescription=Data that shall be encrypted
+standardOutput=CIPHERTEXT
+standardOutputDescription=Encrypted OpenPGP message
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_encrypt_de.properties

@@ -12,10 +12,13 @@ with-key-password.0=Passwort zum Entsperren der privaten Schl
 with-key-password.1=Ist INDIREKTER Datentyp (z.B.. Datei, Umgebungsvariable, Dateideskriptor...).
 CERTS[0..*]=Zertifikate für die die Nachricht verschlüsselt werden soll
 
+standardInputDescription=Daten, die verschlüsselt werden sollen
+standardOutputDescription=Verschlüsselte OpenPGP Nachricht
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_extract-cert.properties

@@ -5,10 +5,15 @@ usage.header=Extract a public key certificate from a secret key
 usage.description=Read a secret key from STDIN and emit the public key certificate to STDOUT.
 no-armor=ASCII armor the output
 
+standardInput=KEYS
+standardInputDescription=Private key(s), from which certificate(s) shall be extracted
+standardOutput=CERTS
+standardOutputDescription=Extracted certificate(s)
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.descriptionHeading=%nDescription:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_extract-cert_de.properties

@@ -5,10 +5,13 @@ usage.header=Extrahiere Zertifikat (
 usage.description=Lese einen Schlüssel von Standard-Eingabe und gebe das Zertifikat auf Standard-Ausgabe aus.
 no-armor=Schütze Ausgabe mit ASCII Armor
 
+standardInputDescription=Private Schlüssel, deren Zertifikate extrahiert werden sollen
+standardOutputDescription=Extrahierte Zertifikate
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.descriptionHeading=%nBeschreibung:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_generate-key.properties

@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@ signing-only=Generate a key that can only be used for signing
 with-key-password.0=Password to protect the private key with
 with-key-password.1=Is an INDIRECT data type (e.g. file, environment variable, file descriptor...).
 
+standardOutput=KEYS
+standardOutputDescription=Generated OpenPGP key
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_generate-key_de.properties

@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@ signing-only=Generiere einen Schl
 with-key-password.0=Passwort zum Schutz des privaten Schlüssels
 with-key-password.1=Ist ein INDIREKTER Datentyp (z.B.. Datei, Umgebungsvariable, Dateideskriptor...).
 
+standardOutputDescription=Erzeugter OpenPGP Schlüssel
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_help.properties

@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@ usage.header=Display usage information for the specified subcommand
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_help_de.properties

@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_inline-detach.properties

@@ -5,9 +5,14 @@ usage.header=Split signatures from a clearsigned message
 no-armor=ASCII armor the output
 signatures-out=Destination to which a detached signatures block will be written
 
+standardInput=INLINESIGNED
+standardInputDescription=Inline-signed OpenPGP message
+standardOutput=DATA
+standardOutputDescription=The message without any signatures
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_inline-detach_de.properties

@@ -5,9 +5,12 @@ usage.header=Trenne Signaturen von Klartext-signierter Nachricht
 no-armor=Schütze Ausgabe mit ASCII Armor
 signatures-out=Schreibe abgetrennte Signaturen in Ausgabe
 
+standardInputDescription=Klartext-signierte OpenPGP Nachricht
+standardOutputDescription=Nachricht ohne Signaturen
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_inline-sign.properties

@@ -13,10 +13,15 @@ with-key-password.1=Is an INDIRECT data type (e.g. file, environment variable, f
 micalg=Emits the digest algorithm used to the specified file in a way that can be used to populate the micalg parameter for the PGP/MIME Content-Type (RFC3156).
 KEYS[0..*]=Secret keys used for signing
 
+standardInput=DATA
+standardInputDescription=Data that shall be signed
+standardOutput=INLINESIGNED
+standardOutputDescription=Inline-signed OpenPGP message
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_inline-sign_de.properties

@@ -13,10 +13,13 @@ with-key-password.1=Ist ein INDIREKTER Datentyp (z.B.. Datei, Umgebungsvariable,
 micalg=Gibt den verwendeten Digest-Algorithmus an die angegebene Ausgabe in einer Form aus, die zum Auffüllen des micalg-Parameters für den PGP/MIME Content-Type (RFC3156) verwendet werden kann.
 KEYS[0..*]=Private Signaturschlüssel
 
+standardInputDescription=Daten, die signiert werden sollen
+standardOutputDescription=Inline-signierte OpenPGP Nachricht
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_inline-verify.properties

@@ -12,10 +12,15 @@ not-after.3=Accepts special value "-" for end of time.
 verifications-out=File to write details over successful verifications to
 CERT[0..*]=Public key certificates for signature verification
 
+standardInput=INLINESIGNED
+standardInputDescription=Inline-signed OpenPGP message
+standardOutput=DATA
+standardOutputDescription=The message without any signatures
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_inline-verify_de.properties

@@ -12,10 +12,13 @@ not-after.3=Akzeptiert speziellen Wert '-' f
 verifications-out=Schreibe Status der Signaturprüfung in angegebene Ausgabe
 CERT[0..*]=Zertifikate (öffentlich Schlüssel) zur Signaturprüfung
 
+standardInputDescription=Inline-signierte OpenPGP Nachricht
+standardOutputDescription=Nachricht ohne Signaturen
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_list-profiles.properties

@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@
 usage.header=Emit a list of profiles supported by the identified subcommand
 subcommand=Subcommand for which to list profiles
 
+standardOutput=PROFILELIST
+standardOutputDescription=List of profiles supported by the identified subcommand
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_list-profiles_de.properties

@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
 usage.header=Gebe eine Liste von Profilen aus, welche vom angegebenen Unterbefehl unterstützt werden
 subcommand=Unterbefehl, für welchen Profile gelistet werden sollen
 
+standardOutputDescription=Liste von Profilen, die der identifizierte Unterbefehl unterstützt
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_merge-certs.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+usage.headerHeading=Merge OpenPGP certificates%n
+usage.header=Merge OpenPGP certificates from standard input with related elements from CERTS and emit the result to standard output
+usage.description=Only certificates that were part of standard input will be emitted to standard output
+no-armor=ASCII armor the output
+CERTS[0..*]=OpenPGP certificates from which updates shall be merged into the base certificates from standard input
+
+standardInput=CERTS
+standardInputDescription=Base certificates into which additional elements from the command line shall be merged
+standardOutput=CERTS
+standardOutputDescription=Merged certificates
+
+stacktrace=Print stacktrace
+# Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
+usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
+usage.descriptionHeading=%nNote:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
+usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_merge-certs_de.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+usage.headerHeading=OpenPGP Zertifikate zusammenführen%n
+usage.header=Führe OpenPGP Zertifikate aus der Standardeingabe mit ensprechenden Elementen aus CERTS zusammen und gebe das Ergebnis auf der Standardausgabe aus
+usage.description=Es werden nur Zertifikate auf die Standardausgabe geschrieben, welche Teil der Standardeingabe waren
+no-armor=Schütze Ausgabe mit ASCII Armor
+CERTS[0..*]=OpenPGP Zertifikate aus denen neue Elemente in die Basiszertifikate aus der Standardeingabe übernommen werden sollen
+
+standardInputDescription=Basis-Zertifikate, in welche zusätzliche Elemente von der Kommandozeile zusammengeführt werden sollen
+standardOutputDescription=Zusammengeführte Zertifikate
+
+# Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
+usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
+usage.descriptionHeading=%nHinweis:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
+usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_revoke-key.properties

@@ -7,10 +7,15 @@ no-armor=ASCII armor the output
 with-key-password.0=Passphrase to unlock the secret key(s).
 with-key-password.1=Is an INDIRECT data type (e.g. file, environment variable, file descriptor...).
 
+standardInput=KEYS
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP key that shall be revoked
+standardOutput=CERTS
+standardOutputDescription=Revocation certificate
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
-usage.descriptionHeading=%nDescription:%n
+usage.descriptionHeading=D%nescription:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_revoke-key_de.properties

@@ -7,10 +7,13 @@ no-armor=Sch
 with-key-password.0=Passwort zum Entsperren der privaten Schlüssel
 with-key-password.1=Ist INDIREKTER Datentyp (z.B.. Datei, Umgebungsvariable, Dateideskriptor...).
 
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP Schlüssel, der widerrufen werden soll
+standardOutputDescription=Widerrufszertifikat
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.descriptionHeading=%nBeschreibung:%n
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_sop.properties

@@ -2,15 +2,21 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 sop.name=sop
+sopv.name=sopv
 usage.header=Stateless OpenPGP Protocol
+sopv.usage.header=Stateless OpenPGP Protocol - Signature Verification Interface Subset
 locale=Locale for description texts
 
 # Generic
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n
 
+standardInputHeading=%nInput:%n
+standardOutputHeading=%nOutput:%n
+
 # Exit Codes
 usage.exitCodeListHeading=%nExit Codes:%n
 usage.exitCodeList.0=\u00200:Successful program execution
@@ -34,6 +40,10 @@ usage.exitCodeList.17=73:Ambiguous input (a filename matching the designator alr
 usage.exitCodeList.18=79:Key is not signing capable
 usage.exitCodeList.19=83:Options were supplied that are incompatible with each other
 usage.exitCodeList.20=89:The requested profile is unsupported, or the indicated subcommand does not accept profiles
+usage.exitCodeList.21=97:The implementation supports some form of hardware-backed secret keys, but could not identify the hardware device
+usage.exitCodeList.22=101:The implementation tried to use a hardware-backed secret key, but the cryptographic hardware refused the operation for some reason other than a bad PIN or password
+usage.exitCodeList.23=103:The primary key of a KEYS object is too weak or revoked
+usage.exitCodeList.24=107:The CERTS object has no matching User ID
 
 ## SHARED RESOURCES
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
@@ -70,6 +80,8 @@ sop.error.runtime.cert_cannot_encrypt=Certificate from input '%s' cannot encrypt
 sop.error.runtime.no_session_key_extracted=Session key not extracted. Feature potentially not supported.
 sop.error.runtime.no_verifiable_signature_found=No verifiable signature found.
 sop.error.runtime.cannot_decrypt_message=Message could not be decrypted.
+sop.error.runtime.cert_user_id_no_match=Certificate '%s' does not contain a valid binding for user id '%s'.
+sop.error.runtime.any_cert_user_id_no_match=Any certificate does not contain a valid binding for user id '%s'.
 ## Usage errors
 sop.error.usage.password_or_cert_required=At least one password file or cert file required for encryption.
 sop.error.usage.argument_required=Argument '%s' is required.

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_sop_de.properties

@@ -2,15 +2,21 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 sop.name=sop
+sopv.name=sopv
 usage.header=Stateless OpenPGP Protocol
+sopv.usage.header=Stateless OpenPGP Protocol - Signature Verification Interface Subset
 locale=Gebietsschema für Beschreibungstexte
 
 # Generic
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n
 
+standardInputHeading=%nEingabe:%n
+standardOutputHeading=%nAusgabe:%n
+
 # Exit Codes
 usage.exitCodeListHeading=%nExit Codes:%n
 usage.exitCodeList.0=\u00200:Erfolgreiche Programmausführung
@@ -34,6 +40,10 @@ usage.exitCodeList.17=73:Mehrdeutige Eingabe (ein Dateiname, der dem Bezeichner
 usage.exitCodeList.18=79:Schlüssel ist nicht fähig zu signieren
 usage.exitCodeList.19=83:Miteinander inkompatible Optionen spezifiziert
 usage.exitCodeList.20=89:Das angeforderte Profil wird nicht unterstützt, oder der angegebene Unterbefehl akzeptiert keine Profile
+usage.exitCodeList.21=97:Die Anwendung unterstützt hardwaregestützte private Schlüssel, aber kann das Gerät nicht identifizieren
+usage.exitCodeList.22=101:Die Anwendung versuchte, einen hardwaregestützten Schlüssel zu verwenden, aber das Gerät lehnte den Vorgang aus einem anderen Grund als einer falschen PIN oder einem falschen Passwort ab
+usage.exitCodeList.23=103:Der primäre private Schlüssel ist zu schwach oder widerrufen
+usage.exitCodeList.24=107:Das Zertifikat hat keine übereinstimmende User ID
 
 ## SHARED RESOURCES
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_update-key.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+usage.header=Keep a secret key up-to-date
+no-armor=ASCII armor the output
+signing-only=TODO: Document
+no-new-mechanisms=Do not add feature support for new mechanisms, which the key did not previously support
+with-key-password.0=Passphrase to unlock the secret key(s).
+with-key-password.1=Is an INDIRECT data type (e.g. file, environment variable, file descriptor...).
+merge-certs.0=Merge additional elements found in the corresponding CERTS objects into the updated secret keys
+merge-certs.1=This can be used, for example, to absorb a third-party certification into the Transferable Secret Key
+
+standardInput=KEYS
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP key that shall be kept up-to-date
+standardOutput=KEYS
+standardOutputDescription=Updated OpenPGP key
+
+stacktrace=Print stacktrace
+# Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
+usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
+usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_update-key_de.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+usage.header=Halte einen Schlüssel auf dem neusten Stand
+no-armor=Schütze Ausgabe mit ASCII Armor
+signing-only=TODO: Dokumentieren
+no-new-mechanisms=Füge keine neuen Funktionen hinzu, die der Schlüssel nicht bereits zuvor unterstützt hat
+with-key-password.0=Passwort zum Entsperren der privaten Schlüssel
+with-key-password.1=Ist INDIREKTER Datentyp (z.B.. Datei, Umgebungsvariable, Dateideskriptor...).
+merge-certs.0=Führe zusätzliche Elemente aus entsprechenden CERTS Objekten mit dem privaten Schlüssel zusammen
+merge-certs.1=Dies kann zum Beispiel dazu genutzt werden, Zertifizierungen dritter in den privaten Schlüssel zu übernehmen
+
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP Schlüssel, der auf den neusten Stand gebracht werden soll
+standardOutputDescription=Erneuerter OpenPGP Schlüssel
+
+# Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
+usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
+usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
+usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_validate-userid.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+usage.header=Validate a UserID in an OpenPGP certificate
+addr-spec-only=Treat the USERID as an email address, match only against the email address part of each correctly bound UserID
+USERID[0]=UserID
+CERTS[1..*]=Authority OpenPGP certificates
+
+standardInput=CERTS
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP certificates in which UserID bindings shall be validated
+
+picocli.endofoptions.description=End of options. Remainder are positional parameters. Fixes 'Missing required parameter' error
+
+stacktrace=Print stacktrace
+# Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameters:%n
+usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
+usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_validate-userid_de.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+usage.header=Validiere eine UserID auf OpenPGP Zertifikaten
+addr-spec-only=Behandle die USERID als E-Mail-Adresse, vergleiche sie nur mit dem E-Mail-Adressen-Teil jeder korrekten UserID
+USERID[0]=UserID
+CERTS[1..*]=Autoritäre OpenPGP Zertifikate
+
+standardInput=CERTS
+standardInputDescription=OpenPGP Zertifikate auf denen UserIDs validiert werden sollen
+
+picocli.endofoptions.description=Ende der Optionen. Der Rest sind Positionsparameter. Behebt 'Missing required parameter' Fehler
+
+stacktrace=Print stacktrace
+# Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
+usage.parameterListHeading=%nParameter:%n
+usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
+usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
+usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_version.properties

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ extended=Print an extended version string
 backend=Print information about the cryptographic backend
 sop-spec=Print the latest revision of the SOP specification targeted by the implementation
 
+standardOutput=version information
+
 stacktrace=Print stacktrace
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Usage:\u0020
-usage.commandListHeading = %nCommands:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptions:%n
+usage.commandListHeading=%nCommands:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptions:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/main/resources/msg_version_de.properties

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ extended=Gebe erweiterte Versionsinformationen aus
 backend=Gebe Informationen über das kryptografische Backend aus
 sop-spec=Gebe die neuste Revision der SOP Spezifikation aus, welche von dieser Implementierung umgesetzt wird
 
+standardOutput=Versionsinformationen
+
 stacktrace=Stacktrace ausgeben
 # Generic TODO: Remove when bumping picocli to 4.7.0
 usage.synopsisHeading=Aufruf:\u0020
 usage.commandListHeading=%nBefehle:%n
-usage.optionListHeading = %nOptionen:%n
+usage.optionListHeading=%nOptionen:%n
 usage.footerHeading=Powered by Picocli%n

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/SOPTest.java

@@ -6,16 +6,18 @@ package sop.cli.picocli;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertGenericError;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertUnsupportedSubcommand;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import sop.SOP;
 import sop.exception.SOPGPException;
 import sop.operation.Armor;
+import sop.operation.CertifyUserId;
 import sop.operation.ChangeKeyPassword;
 import sop.operation.Dearmor;
 import sop.operation.Decrypt;
@@ -28,31 +30,52 @@ import sop.operation.InlineVerify;
 import sop.operation.DetachedSign;
 import sop.operation.DetachedVerify;
 import sop.operation.ListProfiles;
+import sop.operation.MergeCerts;
 import sop.operation.RevokeKey;
+import sop.operation.UpdateKey;
+import sop.operation.ValidateUserId;
 import sop.operation.Version;
 
 public class SOPTest {
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedSubcommand.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertExitOnInvalidSubcommand() {
         SOP sop = mock(SOP.class);
         SopCLI.setSopInstance(sop);
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"invalid"});
+        assertUnsupportedSubcommand(() -> SopCLI.execute("invalid"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(1)
     public void assertThrowsIfNoSOPBackendSet() {
         SopCLI.setSopInstance(null);
-        // At this point, no SOP backend is set, so an InvalidStateException triggers exit(1)
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"armor"});
+        // At this point, no SOP backend is set, so an InvalidStateException triggers error code 1
+        assertGenericError(() -> SopCLI.execute("armor"));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void UnsupportedSubcommandsTest() {
         SOP nullCommandSOP = new SOP() {
+            @Override
+            public ValidateUserId validateUserId() {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public CertifyUserId certifyUserId() {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public MergeCerts mergeCerts() {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public UpdateKey updateKey() {
+                return null;
+            }
+
             @Override
             public Version version() {
                 return null;
@@ -141,6 +164,11 @@ public class SOPTest {
         commands.add(new String[] {"sign"});
         commands.add(new String[] {"verify", "signature.asc", "cert.asc"});
         commands.add(new String[] {"version"});
+        commands.add(new String[] {"list-profiles", "generate-key"});
+        commands.add(new String[] {"certify-userid", "--userid", "Alice <alice@pgpainless.org>", "--", "alice.pgp"});
+        commands.add(new String[] {"validate-userid", "Alice <alice@pgpainless.org>", "bob.pgp", "--", "alice.pgp"});
+        commands.add(new String[] {"update-key"});
+        commands.add(new String[] {"merge-certs"});
 
         for (String[] command : commands) {
             int exit = SopCLI.execute(command);

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/ArmorCmdTest.java

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 
 package sop.cli.picocli.commands;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.FailOnSystemExit;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import sop.Ready;
@@ -24,6 +22,8 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertBadData;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
 
 public class ArmorCmdTest {
 
@@ -42,24 +42,22 @@ public class ArmorCmdTest {
 
     @Test
     public void assertDataIsAlwaysCalled() throws SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"armor"});
+        assertSuccess(() -> SopCLI.execute("armor"));
         verify(armor, times(1)).data((InputStream) any());
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
     public void ifBadDataExit41() throws SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
         when(armor.data((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"armor"});
+        assertBadData(() -> SopCLI.execute("armor"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @FailOnSystemExit
     public void ifNoErrorsNoExit() {
         when(sop.armor()).thenReturn(armor);
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"armor"});
+        assertSuccess(() -> SopCLI.execute("armor"));
     }
 
     private static Ready nopReady() {

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/DearmorCmdTest.java

@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertBadData;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import sop.Ready;
@@ -48,14 +49,13 @@ public class DearmorCmdTest {
 
     @Test
     public void assertDataIsCalled() throws IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"dearmor"});
+        assertSuccess(() -> SopCLI.execute("dearmor"));
         verify(dearmor, times(1)).data((InputStream) any());
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertBadDataCausesExit41() throws IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(dearmor.data((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException("invalid armor")));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"dearmor"});
+        assertBadData(() -> SopCLI.execute("dearmor"));
     }
 }

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/DecryptCmdTest.java

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 package sop.cli.picocli.commands;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentMatcher;
@@ -42,6 +41,18 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertBadData;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertCannotDecrypt;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertGenericError;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertIncompleteVerification;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertKeyIsProtected;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertMissingArg;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertMissingInput;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertOutputExists;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertPasswordNotHumanReadable;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertUnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertUnsupportedOption;
 
 public class DecryptCmdTest {
 
@@ -74,47 +85,47 @@ public class DecryptCmdTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingArg.EXIT_CODE)
     public void missingArgumentsExceptionCausesExit19() throws SOPGPException.MissingArg, SOPGPException.BadData, SOPGPException.CannotDecrypt, IOException {
         when(decrypt.ciphertext((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.MissingArg("Missing arguments."));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt"});
+        assertMissingArg(() -> SopCLI.execute("decrypt"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
     public void badDataExceptionCausesExit41() throws SOPGPException.MissingArg, SOPGPException.BadData, SOPGPException.CannotDecrypt, IOException {
         when(decrypt.ciphertext((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt"});
+        assertBadData(() -> SopCLI.execute("decrypt"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertNotHumanReadablePasswordCausesExit31() throws SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable,
             SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, IOException {
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("pretendThisIsNotReadable");
         when(decrypt.withPassword(any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable());
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertPasswordNotHumanReadable(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath())
+        );
     }
 
     @Test
     public void assertWithPasswordPassesPasswordDown() throws SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, IOException {
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("orange");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() -> SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(decrypt, times(1)).withPassword("orange");
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertUnsupportedWithPasswordCausesExit37() throws SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, IOException {
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("swordfish");
         when(decrypt.withPassword(any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Decrypting with password not supported."));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath())
+        );
     }
 
     @Test
     public void assertDefaultTimeRangesAreUsedIfNotOverwritten() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
         Date now = new Date();
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt"});
+        assertSuccess(() -> SopCLI.execute("decrypt"));
         verify(decrypt, times(1)).verifyNotBefore(AbstractSopCmd.BEGINNING_OF_TIME);
         verify(decrypt, times(1)).verifyNotAfter(
                 ArgumentMatchers.argThat(argument -> {
@@ -125,7 +136,8 @@ public class DecryptCmdTest {
 
     @Test
     public void assertVerifyNotAfterAndBeforeDashResultsInMaxTimeRange() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verify-not-before", "-", "--verify-not-after", "-"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verify-not-before", "-", "--verify-not-after", "-"));
         verify(decrypt, times(1)).verifyNotBefore(AbstractSopCmd.BEGINNING_OF_TIME);
         verify(decrypt, times(1)).verifyNotAfter(AbstractSopCmd.END_OF_TIME);
     }
@@ -138,54 +150,57 @@ public class DecryptCmdTest {
             return Math.abs(now.getTime() - argument.getTime()) <= 1000;
         };
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verify-not-before", "now", "--verify-not-after", "now"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verify-not-before", "now", "--verify-not-after", "now"));
         verify(decrypt, times(1)).verifyNotAfter(ArgumentMatchers.argThat(isMaxOneSecOff));
         verify(decrypt, times(1)).verifyNotBefore(ArgumentMatchers.argThat(isMaxOneSecOff));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(1)
     public void assertMalformedDateInNotBeforeCausesExit1() {
         // ParserException causes exit(1)
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verify-not-before", "invalid"});
+        assertGenericError(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verify-not-before", "invalid"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(1)
     public void assertMalformedDateInNotAfterCausesExit1() {
         // ParserException causes exit(1)
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verify-not-after", "invalid"});
+        assertGenericError(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verify-not-after", "invalid"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertUnsupportedNotAfterCausesExit37() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
-        when(decrypt.verifyNotAfter(any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Setting upper signature date boundary not supported."));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verify-not-after", "now"});
+        when(decrypt.verifyNotAfter(any())).thenThrow(
+                new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Setting upper signature date boundary not supported."));
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verify-not-after", "now"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertUnsupportedNotBeforeCausesExit37() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
-        when(decrypt.verifyNotBefore(any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Setting lower signature date boundary not supported."));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verify-not-before", "now"});
+        when(decrypt.verifyNotBefore(any())).thenThrow(
+                new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Setting lower signature date boundary not supported."));
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verify-not-before", "now"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.OutputExists.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertExistingSessionKeyOutFileCausesExit59() throws IOException {
         File tempFile = File.createTempFile("existing-session-key-", ".tmp");
         tempFile.deleteOnExit();
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--session-key-out", tempFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertOutputExists(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--session-key-out", tempFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertWhenSessionKeyCannotBeExtractedExit37() throws IOException {
         Path tempDir = Files.createTempDirectory("session-key-out-dir");
         File tempFile = new File(tempDir.toFile(), "session-key");
         tempFile.deleteOnExit();
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--session-key-out", tempFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--session-key-out", tempFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -210,8 +225,10 @@ public class DecryptCmdTest {
         File verificationsFile = new File(tempDir.toFile(), "verifications");
         File keyFile = new File(tempDir.toFile(), "key.asc");
         keyFile.createNewFile();
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--session-key-out", sessionKeyFile.getAbsolutePath(),
-        "--verifications-out", verificationsFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--verify-with", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--session-key-out", sessionKeyFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        "--verifications-out", verificationsFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--verify-with",
+                        keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
 
         ByteArrayOutputStream bytesInFile = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
         try (FileInputStream fileIn = new FileInputStream(sessionKeyFile)) {
@@ -241,10 +258,10 @@ public class DecryptCmdTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.CannotDecrypt.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertUnableToDecryptExceptionResultsInExit29() throws SOPGPException.CannotDecrypt, SOPGPException.MissingArg, SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
         when(decrypt.ciphertext((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.CannotDecrypt());
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt"});
+        assertCannotDecrypt(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt"));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -258,30 +275,32 @@ public class DecryptCmdTest {
                 return new DecryptionResult(null, Collections.emptyList());
             }
         });
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verify-with", tempFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--verifications-out", verifyOut.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verify-with", tempFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--verifications-out",
+                        verifyOut.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
     public void badDataInVerifyWithCausesExit41() throws IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(decrypt.verifyWithCert((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
         File tempFile = File.createTempFile("verify-with-", ".tmp");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verify-with", tempFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertBadData(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verify-with", tempFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE)
     public void unexistentCertFileCausesExit61() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verify-with", "invalid"});
+        assertMissingInput(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verify-with", "invalid"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.OutputExists.EXIT_CODE)
     public void existingVerifyOutCausesExit59() throws IOException {
         File certFile = File.createTempFile("existing-verify-out-cert", ".asc");
         File existingVerifyOut = File.createTempFile("existing-verify-out", ".tmp");
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verifications-out", existingVerifyOut.getAbsolutePath(), "--verify-with", certFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertOutputExists(() -> SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verifications-out",
+                existingVerifyOut.getAbsolutePath(), "--verify-with", certFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -305,7 +324,9 @@ public class DecryptCmdTest {
             }
         });
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verifications-out", verifyOut.getAbsolutePath(), "--verify-with", certFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verifications-out", verifyOut.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        "--verify-with", certFile.getAbsolutePath()));
         try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(verifyOut))) {
             String line = reader.readLine();
             assertEquals("2021-07-11T20:58:23Z 1B66A707819A920925BC6777C3E0AFC0B2DFF862 C8CD564EBF8D7BBA90611D8D071773658BF6BF86", line);
@@ -320,66 +341,64 @@ public class DecryptCmdTest {
         File sessionKeyFile1 = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile(key1.toString());
         File sessionKeyFile2 = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile(key2.toString());
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt",
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt",
                         "--with-session-key", sessionKeyFile1.getAbsolutePath(),
-                "--with-session-key", sessionKeyFile2.getAbsolutePath()});
+                        "--with-session-key", sessionKeyFile2.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(decrypt).withSessionKey(key1);
         verify(decrypt).withSessionKey(key2);
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(1)
     public void assertMalformedSessionKeysResultInExit1() throws IOException {
         File sessionKeyFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("C7CBDAF42537776F12509B5168793C26B93294E5ABDFA73224FB0177123E9137");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt",
-                "--with-session-key", sessionKeyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertGenericError(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt",
+                "--with-session-key", sessionKeyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertBadDataInKeysResultsInExit41() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
         when(decrypt.withKey((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
         File tempKeyFile = File.createTempFile("key-", ".tmp");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", tempKeyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertBadData(() -> SopCLI.execute("decrypt", tempKeyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertKeyFileNotFoundCausesExit61() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "nonexistent-key"});
+        assertMissingInput(() -> SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "nonexistent-key"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertProtectedKeyCausesExit67() throws IOException, SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(decrypt.withKey((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected());
         File tempKeyFile = File.createTempFile("key-", ".tmp");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", tempKeyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertKeyIsProtected(() -> SopCLI.execute("decrypt", tempKeyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertUnsupportedAlgorithmExceptionCausesExit13() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
         when(decrypt.withKey((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo("Unsupported asymmetric algorithm.", new IOException()));
         File tempKeyFile = File.createTempFile("key-", ".tmp");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", tempKeyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", tempKeyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertMissingPassphraseFileCausesExit61() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--with-password", "missing"});
+        assertMissingInput(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--with-password", "missing"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE)
     public void assertMissingSessionKeyFileCausesExit61() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--with-session-key", "missing"});
+        assertMissingInput(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--with-session-key", "missing"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.IncompleteVerification.EXIT_CODE)
     public void verifyOutWithoutVerifyWithCausesExit23() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"decrypt", "--verifications-out", "out.file"});
+        assertIncompleteVerification(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("decrypt", "--verifications-out", "out.file"));
     }
 }

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/EncryptCmdTest.java

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 package sop.cli.picocli.commands;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -28,6 +27,17 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertBadData;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertCertCannotEncrypt;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertGenericError;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertKeyCannotSign;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertKeyIsProtected;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertMissingArg;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertMissingInput;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertPasswordNotHumanReadable;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertUnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertUnsupportedOption;
 
 public class EncryptCmdTest {
 
@@ -50,48 +60,50 @@ public class EncryptCmdTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingArg.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void missingBothPasswordAndCertFileCauseExit19() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--no-armor"});
+    public void missingBothPasswordAndCertFileCausesMissingArg() {
+        assertMissingArg(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--no-armor"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void as_unsupportedEncryptAsCausesExit37() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
+    public void as_unsupportedEncryptAsCausesUnsupportedOption() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
         when(encrypt.mode(any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Setting encryption mode not supported."));
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--as", "Binary"});
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--as", "Binary"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void as_invalidModeOptionCausesExit37() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--as", "invalid"});
+    public void as_invalidModeOptionCausesUnsupportedOption() {
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--as", "invalid"));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void as_modeIsPassedDown() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, IOException {
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("0rbit");
         for (EncryptAs mode : EncryptAs.values()) {
-            SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--as", mode.name(), "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+            assertSuccess(() ->
+                    SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--as", mode.name(),
+                            "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()));
             verify(encrypt, times(1)).mode(mode);
         }
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void withPassword_notHumanReadablePasswordCausesExit31() throws SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, IOException {
+    public void withPassword_notHumanReadablePasswordCausesPWNotHumanReadable() throws SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, IOException {
         when(encrypt.withPassword("pretendThisIsNotReadable")).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable());
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("pretendThisIsNotReadable");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertPasswordNotHumanReadable(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void withPassword_unsupportedWithPasswordCausesExit37() throws SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, IOException {
+    public void withPassword_unsupportedWithPasswordCausesUnsupportedOption() throws SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, IOException {
         when(encrypt.withPassword(any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Encrypting with password not supported."));
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("orange");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -99,99 +111,107 @@ public class EncryptCmdTest {
         File keyFile1 = File.createTempFile("sign-with-1-", ".asc");
         File keyFile2 = File.createTempFile("sign-with-2-", ".asc");
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("password");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--sign-with", keyFile1.getAbsolutePath(), "--sign-with", keyFile2.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        "--sign-with", keyFile1.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        "--sign-with", keyFile2.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(encrypt, times(2)).signWith((InputStream) any());
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void signWith_nonExistentKeyFileCausesExit61() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", "admin", "--sign-with", "nonExistent.asc"});
+    public void signWith_nonExistentKeyFileCausesMissingInput() {
+        assertMissingInput(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", "admin", "--sign-with", "nonExistent.asc"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void signWith_keyIsProtectedCausesExit67() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign, SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
+    public void signWith_keyIsProtectedCausesKeyIsProtected() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign, SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
         when(encrypt.signWith((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected());
         File keyFile = File.createTempFile("sign-with", ".asc");
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("starship");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--sign-with", keyFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertKeyIsProtected(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--sign-with", keyFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void signWith_unsupportedAsymmetricAlgoCausesExit13() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign, SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
+    public void signWith_unsupportedAsymmetricAlgoCausesUnsupportedAsymAlgo() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign, SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
         when(encrypt.signWith((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo("Unsupported asymmetric algorithm.", new Exception()));
         File keyFile = File.createTempFile("sign-with", ".asc");
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("123456");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--sign-with", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        "--sign-with", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void signWith_certCannotSignCausesExit79() throws IOException, SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign, SOPGPException.BadData {
+    public void signWith_certCannotSignCausesKeyCannotSign() throws IOException, SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(encrypt.signWith((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign());
         File keyFile = File.createTempFile("sign-with", ".asc");
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("dragon");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--sign-with", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertKeyCannotSign(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        "--sign-with", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void signWith_badDataCausesExit41() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign, SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
+    public void signWith_badDataCausesBadData() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign, SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
         when(encrypt.signWith((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
         File keyFile = File.createTempFile("sign-with", ".asc");
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("orange");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--sign-with", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertBadData(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        "--sign-with", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void cert_nonExistentCertFileCausesExit61() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "invalid.asc"});
+    public void cert_nonExistentCertFileCausesMissingInput() {
+        assertMissingInput(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "invalid.asc"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void cert_unsupportedAsymmetricAlgorithmCausesExit13() throws IOException, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt, SOPGPException.BadData {
+    public void cert_unsupportedAsymmetricAlgorithmCausesUnsupportedAsymAlg() throws IOException, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(encrypt.withCert((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo("Unsupported asymmetric algorithm.", new Exception()));
         File certFile = File.createTempFile("cert", ".asc");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", certFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", certFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void cert_certCannotEncryptCausesExit17() throws IOException, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt, SOPGPException.BadData {
+    public void cert_certCannotEncryptCausesCertCannotEncrypt() throws IOException, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(encrypt.withCert((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt("Certificate cannot encrypt.", new Exception()));
         File certFile = File.createTempFile("cert", ".asc");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", certFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertCertCannotEncrypt(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", certFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void cert_badDataCausesExit41() throws IOException, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt, SOPGPException.BadData {
+    public void cert_badDataCausesBadData() throws IOException, SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(encrypt.withCert((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
         File certFile = File.createTempFile("cert", ".asc");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", certFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertBadData(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", certFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void noArmor_notCalledByDefault() throws IOException {
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("clownfish");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(encrypt, never()).noArmor();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void noArmor_callGetsPassedDown() throws IOException {
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("monkey");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--no-armor"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--no-armor"));
         verify(encrypt, times(1)).noArmor();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(1)
-    public void writeTo_ioExceptionCausesExit1() throws IOException {
+    public void writeTo_ioExceptionCausesGenericError() throws IOException {
         when(encrypt.plaintext((InputStream) any())).thenReturn(new ReadyWithResult<EncryptionResult>() {
             @Override
             public EncryptionResult writeTo(@NotNull OutputStream outputStream) throws IOException, SOPGPException {
@@ -199,6 +219,7 @@ public class EncryptCmdTest {
             }
         });
         File passwordFile = TestFileUtil.writeTempStringFile("wildcat");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertGenericError(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("encrypt", "--with-password", passwordFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 }

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/ExtractCertCmdTest.java

@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertBadData;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertGenericError;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import sop.Ready;
@@ -45,32 +47,34 @@ public class ExtractCertCmdTest {
 
     @Test
     public void noArmor_notCalledByDefault() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"extract-cert"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("extract-cert"));
         verify(extractCert, never()).noArmor();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void noArmor_passedDown() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"extract-cert", "--no-armor"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("extract-cert", "--no-armor"));
         verify(extractCert, times(1)).noArmor();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(1)
-    public void key_ioExceptionCausesExit1() throws IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
+    public void key_ioExceptionCausesGenericError() throws IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(extractCert.key((InputStream) any())).thenReturn(new Ready() {
             @Override
             public void writeTo(OutputStream outputStream) throws IOException {
                 throw new IOException();
             }
         });
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"extract-cert"});
+        assertGenericError(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("extract-cert"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void key_badDataCausesExit41() throws IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
+    public void key_badDataCausesBadData() throws IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(extractCert.key((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"extract-cert"});
+        assertBadData(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("extract-cert"));
     }
 }

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/GenerateKeyCmdTest.java

@@ -10,11 +10,14 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertGenericError;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertMissingArg;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertUnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.mockito.InOrder;
@@ -47,19 +50,22 @@ public class GenerateKeyCmdTest {
 
     @Test
     public void noArmor_notCalledByDefault() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"generate-key", "Alice"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("generate-key", "Alice"));
         verify(generateKey, never()).noArmor();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void noArmor_passedDown() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"generate-key", "--no-armor", "Alice"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("generate-key", "--no-armor", "Alice"));
         verify(generateKey, times(1)).noArmor();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void userId_multipleUserIdsPassedDownInProperOrder() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"generate-key", "Alice <alice@pgpainless.org>", "Bob <bob@pgpainless.org>"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("generate-key", "Alice <alice@pgpainless.org>", "Bob <bob@pgpainless.org>"));
 
         InOrder inOrder = Mockito.inOrder(generateKey);
         inOrder.verify(generateKey).userId("Alice <alice@pgpainless.org>");
@@ -69,30 +75,32 @@ public class GenerateKeyCmdTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingArg.EXIT_CODE)
     public void missingArgumentCausesExit19() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.MissingArg, IOException {
         // TODO: RFC4880-bis and the current Stateless OpenPGP CLI spec allow keys to have no user-ids,
         //  so we might want to change this test in the future.
         when(generateKey.generate()).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.MissingArg("Missing user-id."));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"generate-key"});
+        assertMissingArg(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("generate-key"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo.EXIT_CODE)
     public void unsupportedAsymmetricAlgorithmCausesExit13() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.MissingArg, IOException {
         when(generateKey.generate()).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo("Unsupported asymmetric algorithm.", new Exception()));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"generate-key", "Alice"});
+        assertUnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("generate-key", "Alice"));
+
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(1)
-    public void ioExceptionCausesExit1() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.MissingArg, IOException {
+    public void ioExceptionCausesGenericError() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo, SOPGPException.MissingArg, IOException {
         when(generateKey.generate()).thenReturn(new Ready() {
             @Override
             public void writeTo(OutputStream outputStream) throws IOException {
                 throw new IOException();
             }
         });
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"generate-key", "Alice"});
+
+        assertGenericError(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("generate-key", "Alice"));
     }
 }

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/InlineDetachCmdTest.java

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 package sop.cli.picocli.commands;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import sop.ReadyWithResult;
@@ -26,6 +25,8 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertMissingArg;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
 
 public class InlineDetachCmdTest {
 
@@ -41,9 +42,9 @@ public class InlineDetachCmdTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingArg.EXIT_CODE)
-    public void testMissingSignaturesOutResultsInExit19() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"inline-detach"});
+    public void testMissingSignaturesOutResultsInMissingArg() {
+        assertMissingArg(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("inline-detach"));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -67,7 +68,8 @@ public class InlineDetachCmdTest {
                     }
                 });
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"inline-detach", "--signatures-out", tempFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--no-armor"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("inline-detach", "--signatures-out", tempFile.getAbsolutePath(), "--no-armor"));
         verify(inlineDetach, times(1)).noArmor();
         verify(inlineDetach, times(1)).message((InputStream) any());
     }

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/SignCmdTest.java

@@ -10,13 +10,20 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertBadData;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertExpectedText;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertGenericError;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertKeyIsProtected;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertMissingArg;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertMissingInput;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertUnsupportedOption;
 
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import sop.ReadyWithResult;
@@ -54,70 +61,77 @@ public class SignCmdTest {
 
     @Test
     public void as_optionsAreCaseInsensitive() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", "--as", "Binary", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", "--as", "binary", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", "--as", "BINARY", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", "--as", "Binary", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", "--as", "binary", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", "--as", "BINARY", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
     public void as_invalidOptionCausesExit37() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", "--as", "Invalid", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", "--as", "Invalid", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
     public void as_unsupportedOptionCausesExit37() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
         when(detachedSign.mode(any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Setting signing mode not supported."));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", "--as", "binary", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", "--as", "binary", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE)
     public void key_nonExistentKeyFileCausesExit61() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", "invalid.asc"});
+        assertMissingInput(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", "invalid.asc"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected.EXIT_CODE)
     public void key_keyIsProtectedCausesExit67() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(detachedSign.key((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected());
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertKeyIsProtected(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
     public void key_badDataCausesExit41() throws SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected, IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(detachedSign.key((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertBadData(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingArg.EXIT_CODE)
     public void key_missingKeyFileCausesExit19() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign"});
+        assertMissingArg(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign"));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void noArmor_notCalledByDefault() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedSign, never()).noArmor();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void noArmor_passedDown() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", "--no-armor", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", "--no-armor", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedSign, times(1)).noArmor();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void withKeyPassword_passedDown() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", "--with-key-password", passFile.getAbsolutePath(), keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign",
+                        "--with-key-password", passFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                        keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedSign, times(1)).withKeyPassword("sw0rdf1sh");
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(1)
     public void data_ioExceptionCausesExit1() throws IOException, SOPGPException.ExpectedText {
         when(detachedSign.data((InputStream) any())).thenReturn(new ReadyWithResult<SigningResult>() {
             @Override
@@ -125,13 +139,14 @@ public class SignCmdTest {
                 throw new IOException();
             }
         });
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertGenericError(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.ExpectedText.EXIT_CODE)
     public void data_expectedTextExceptionCausesExit53() throws IOException, SOPGPException.ExpectedText {
         when(detachedSign.data((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.ExpectedText());
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertExpectedText(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("sign", keyFile.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 }

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/VerifyCmdTest.java

@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertBadData;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertMissingInput;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertNoSignature;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertUnsupportedOption;
 
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
 import java.io.File;
@@ -21,7 +26,6 @@ import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Date;
 
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -76,60 +80,75 @@ public class VerifyCmdTest {
     @Test
     public void notAfter_passedDown() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, ParseException {
         Date date = UTCUtil.parseUTCDate("2019-10-29T18:36:45Z");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", "--not-after", "2019-10-29T18:36:45Z", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", "--not-after", "2019-10-29T18:36:45Z",
+                        signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedVerify, times(1)).notAfter(date);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void notAfter_now() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
         Date now = new Date();
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", "--not-after", "now", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", "--not-after", "now",
+                        signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedVerify, times(1)).notAfter(dateMatcher(now));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void notAfter_dashCountsAsEndOfTime() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", "--not-after", "-", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", "--not-after", "-",
+                        signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedVerify, times(1)).notAfter(AbstractSopCmd.END_OF_TIME);
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
     public void notAfter_unsupportedOptionCausesExit37() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
         when(detachedVerify.notAfter(any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Setting upper signature date boundary not supported."));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", "--not-after", "2019-10-29T18:36:45Z", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", "--not-after", "2019-10-29T18:36:45Z",
+                        signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void notBefore_passedDown() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption, ParseException {
         Date date = UTCUtil.parseUTCDate("2019-10-29T18:36:45Z");
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", "--not-before", "2019-10-29T18:36:45Z", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", "--not-before", "2019-10-29T18:36:45Z",
+                        signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedVerify, times(1)).notBefore(date);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void notBefore_now() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
         Date now = new Date();
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", "--not-before", "now", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", "--not-before", "now",
+                        signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedVerify, times(1)).notBefore(dateMatcher(now));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void notBefore_dashCountsAsBeginningOfTime() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", "--not-before", "-", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", "--not-before", "-",
+                        signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedVerify, times(1)).notBefore(AbstractSopCmd.BEGINNING_OF_TIME);
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
     public void notBefore_unsupportedOptionCausesExit37() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
         when(detachedVerify.notBefore(any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption("Setting lower signature date boundary not supported."));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", "--not-before", "2019-10-29T18:36:45Z", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", "--not-before", "2019-10-29T18:36:45Z",
+                        signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void notBeforeAndNotAfterAreCalledWithDefaultValues() throws SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
         verify(detachedVerify, times(1)).notAfter(dateMatcher(new Date()));
         verify(detachedVerify, times(1)).notBefore(AbstractSopCmd.BEGINNING_OF_TIME);
     }
@@ -139,43 +158,43 @@ public class VerifyCmdTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE)
     public void cert_fileNotFoundCausesExit61() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), "invalid.asc"});
+        assertMissingInput(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), "invalid.asc"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
     public void cert_badDataCausesExit41() throws SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
         when(detachedVerify.cert((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertBadData(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE)
     public void signature_fileNotFoundCausesExit61() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", "invalid.sig", cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertMissingInput(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", "invalid.sig", cert.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
     public void signature_badDataCausesExit41() throws SOPGPException.BadData, IOException {
         when(detachedVerify.signatures((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertBadData(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.NoSignature.EXIT_CODE)
     public void data_noSignaturesCausesExit3() throws SOPGPException.NoSignature, IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(detachedVerify.data((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.NoSignature());
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertNoSignature(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE)
     public void data_badDataCausesExit41() throws SOPGPException.NoSignature, IOException, SOPGPException.BadData {
         when(detachedVerify.data((InputStream) any())).thenThrow(new SOPGPException.BadData(new IOException()));
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertBadData(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -192,7 +211,8 @@ public class VerifyCmdTest {
         ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
         System.setOut(new PrintStream(out));
 
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("verify", signature.getAbsolutePath(), cert.getAbsolutePath()));
 
         System.setOut(originalSout);
 

sop-java-picocli/src/test/java/sop/cli/picocli/commands/VersionCmdTest.java

@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@
 
 package sop.cli.picocli.commands;
 
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
-
-import com.ginsberg.junit.exit.ExpectSystemExitWithStatus;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import sop.SOP;
 import sop.cli.picocli.SopCLI;
-import sop.exception.SOPGPException;
 import sop.operation.Version;
 
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertSuccess;
+import static sop.testsuite.assertions.SopExecutionAssertions.assertUnsupportedOption;
+
 public class VersionCmdTest {
 
     private Version version;
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ public class VersionCmdTest {
         when(version.getVersion()).thenReturn("1.0");
         when(version.getExtendedVersion()).thenReturn("MockSop Extended Version Information");
         when(version.getBackendVersion()).thenReturn("Foo");
+        when(version.getSopSpecVersion()).thenReturn("draft-dkg-openpgp-stateless-cli-XX");
+        when(version.getSopVVersion()).thenReturn("1.0");
         when(sop.version()).thenReturn(version);
 
         SopCLI.setSopInstance(sop);
@@ -36,26 +38,41 @@ public class VersionCmdTest {
 
     @Test
     public void assertVersionCommandWorks() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"version"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("version"));
         verify(version, times(1)).getVersion();
         verify(version, times(1)).getName();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void assertExtendedVersionCommandWorks() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"version", "--extended"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("version", "--extended"));
         verify(version, times(1)).getExtendedVersion();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void assertBackendVersionCommandWorks() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"version", "--backend"});
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("version", "--backend"));
         verify(version, times(1)).getBackendVersion();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @ExpectSystemExitWithStatus(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE)
+    public void assertSpecVersionCommandWorks() {
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("version", "--sop-spec"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void assertSOPVVersionCommandWorks() {
+        assertSuccess(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("version", "--sopv"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void assertInvalidOptionResultsInExit37() {
-        SopCLI.main(new String[] {"version", "--invalid"});
+        assertUnsupportedOption(() ->
+                SopCLI.execute("version", "--invalid"));
     }
 }

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/SOP.kt

@@ -4,21 +4,7 @@
 
 package sop
 
-import sop.operation.Armor
-import sop.operation.ChangeKeyPassword
-import sop.operation.Dearmor
-import sop.operation.Decrypt
-import sop.operation.DetachedSign
-import sop.operation.DetachedVerify
-import sop.operation.Encrypt
-import sop.operation.ExtractCert
-import sop.operation.GenerateKey
-import sop.operation.InlineDetach
-import sop.operation.InlineSign
-import sop.operation.InlineVerify
-import sop.operation.ListProfiles
-import sop.operation.RevokeKey
-import sop.operation.Version
+import sop.operation.*
 
 /**
  * Stateless OpenPGP Interface. This class provides a stateless interface to various OpenPGP related
@@ -26,72 +12,63 @@ import sop.operation.Version
  * intended for reuse. If you for example need to generate multiple keys, make a dedicated call to
  * [generateKey] once per key generation.
  */
-interface SOP {
-
-    /** Get information about the implementations name and version. */
-    fun version(): Version
+interface SOP : SOPV {
 
     /** Generate a secret key. */
-    fun generateKey(): GenerateKey
+    fun generateKey(): GenerateKey?
 
     /** Extract a certificate (public key) from a secret key. */
-    fun extractCert(): ExtractCert
+    fun extractCert(): ExtractCert?
 
     /**
      * Create detached signatures. If you want to sign a message inline, use [inlineSign] instead.
      */
-    fun sign(): DetachedSign = detachedSign()
+    fun sign(): DetachedSign? = detachedSign()
 
     /**
      * Create detached signatures. If you want to sign a message inline, use [inlineSign] instead.
      */
-    fun detachedSign(): DetachedSign
+    fun detachedSign(): DetachedSign?
 
     /**
      * Sign a message using inline signatures. If you need to create detached signatures, use
      * [detachedSign] instead.
      */
-    fun inlineSign(): InlineSign
-
-    /**
-     * Verify detached signatures. If you need to verify an inline-signed message, use
-     * [inlineVerify] instead.
-     */
-    fun verify(): DetachedVerify = detachedVerify()
-
-    /**
-     * Verify detached signatures. If you need to verify an inline-signed message, use
-     * [inlineVerify] instead.
-     */
-    fun detachedVerify(): DetachedVerify
-
-    /**
-     * Verify signatures of an inline-signed message. If you need to verify detached signatures over
-     * a message, use [detachedVerify] instead.
-     */
-    fun inlineVerify(): InlineVerify
+    fun inlineSign(): InlineSign?
 
     /** Detach signatures from an inline signed message. */
-    fun inlineDetach(): InlineDetach
+    fun inlineDetach(): InlineDetach?
 
     /** Encrypt a message. */
-    fun encrypt(): Encrypt
+    fun encrypt(): Encrypt?
 
     /** Decrypt a message. */
-    fun decrypt(): Decrypt
+    fun decrypt(): Decrypt?
 
     /** Convert binary OpenPGP data to ASCII. */
-    fun armor(): Armor
+    fun armor(): Armor?
 
     /** Converts ASCII armored OpenPGP data to binary. */
-    fun dearmor(): Dearmor
+    fun dearmor(): Dearmor?
 
     /** List supported [Profiles][Profile] of a subcommand. */
-    fun listProfiles(): ListProfiles
+    fun listProfiles(): ListProfiles?
 
     /** Revoke one or more secret keys. */
-    fun revokeKey(): RevokeKey
+    fun revokeKey(): RevokeKey?
 
     /** Update a key's password. */
-    fun changeKeyPassword(): ChangeKeyPassword
+    fun changeKeyPassword(): ChangeKeyPassword?
+
+    /** Keep a secret key up-to-date. */
+    fun updateKey(): UpdateKey?
+
+    /** Merge OpenPGP certificates. */
+    fun mergeCerts(): MergeCerts?
+
+    /** Certify OpenPGP Certificate User-IDs. */
+    fun certifyUserId(): CertifyUserId?
+
+    /** Validate a UserID in an OpenPGP certificate. */
+    fun validateUserId(): ValidateUserId?
 }

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/SOPV.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop
+
+import sop.operation.DetachedVerify
+import sop.operation.InlineVerify
+import sop.operation.Version
+
+/** Subset of [SOP] implementing only OpenPGP signature verification. */
+interface SOPV {
+
+    /** Get information about the implementations name and version. */
+    fun version(): Version?
+
+    /**
+     * Verify detached signatures. If you need to verify an inline-signed message, use
+     * [inlineVerify] instead.
+     */
+    fun verify(): DetachedVerify? = detachedVerify()
+
+    /**
+     * Verify detached signatures. If you need to verify an inline-signed message, use
+     * [inlineVerify] instead.
+     */
+    fun detachedVerify(): DetachedVerify?
+
+    /**
+     * Verify signatures of an inline-signed message. If you need to verify detached signatures over
+     * a message, use [detachedVerify] instead.
+     */
+    fun inlineVerify(): InlineVerify?
+}

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/enums/ArmorLabel.kt

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2023 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-
-package sop.enums
-
-@Deprecated("Use of armor labels is deprecated.")
-enum class ArmorLabel {
-    auto,
-    sig,
-    key,
-    cert,
-    message
-}

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/exception/SOPGPException.kt

@@ -305,4 +305,77 @@ abstract class SOPGPException : RuntimeException {
             const val EXIT_CODE = 89
         }
     }
+
+    /**
+     * The sop implementation supports some form of hardware-backed secret keys, but could not
+     * identify the hardware device.
+     */
+    class NoHardwareKeyFound : SOPGPException {
+        constructor() : super()
+
+        constructor(errorMsg: String) : super(errorMsg)
+
+        override fun getExitCode(): Int = EXIT_CODE
+
+        companion object {
+            const val EXIT_CODE = 97
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The sop implementation tried to use a hardware-backed secret key, but the cryptographic
+     * hardware refused the operation for some reason other than a bad PIN or password.
+     */
+    class HardwareKeyFailure : SOPGPException {
+        constructor() : super()
+
+        constructor(errorMsg: String) : super(errorMsg)
+
+        override fun getExitCode(): Int = EXIT_CODE
+
+        companion object {
+            const val EXIT_CODE = 101
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** The primary key of a KEYS object is too weak or revoked. */
+    class PrimaryKeyBad : SOPGPException {
+        constructor() : super()
+
+        constructor(errorMsg: String) : super(errorMsg)
+
+        override fun getExitCode(): Int = EXIT_CODE
+
+        companion object {
+            const val EXIT_CODE = 103
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** The CERTS object has no matching User ID. */
+    class CertUserIdNoMatch : SOPGPException {
+
+        val fingerprint: ByteArray?
+
+        constructor() : super() {
+            fingerprint = null
+        }
+
+        constructor(fingerprint: ByteArray) : super() {
+            this.fingerprint = fingerprint
+        }
+
+        constructor(errorMsg: String) : super(errorMsg) {
+            fingerprint = null
+        }
+
+        constructor(errorMsg: String, cause: Throwable) : super(errorMsg, cause) {
+            fingerprint = null
+        }
+
+        override fun getExitCode(): Int = EXIT_CODE
+
+        companion object {
+            const val EXIT_CODE = 107
+        }
+    }
 }

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/operation/Armor.kt

@@ -7,22 +7,10 @@ package sop.operation
 import java.io.IOException
 import java.io.InputStream
 import sop.Ready
-import sop.enums.ArmorLabel
 import sop.exception.SOPGPException.BadData
-import sop.exception.SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption
 
 interface Armor {
 
-    /**
-     * Overrides automatic detection of label.
-     *
-     * @param label armor label
-     * @return builder instance
-     */
-    @Deprecated("Use of armor labels is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.")
-    @Throws(UnsupportedOption::class)
-    fun label(label: ArmorLabel): Armor
-
     /**
      * Armor the provided data.
      *

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/operation/CertifyUserId.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.operation
+
+import java.io.IOException
+import java.io.InputStream
+import sop.Ready
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException
+import sop.util.UTF8Util
+
+interface CertifyUserId {
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class) fun noArmor(): CertifyUserId
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class) fun userId(userId: String): CertifyUserId
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable::class, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class)
+    fun withKeyPassword(password: String): CertifyUserId =
+        withKeyPassword(password.toByteArray(UTF8Util.UTF8))
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable::class, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class)
+    fun withKeyPassword(password: ByteArray): CertifyUserId
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class) fun noRequireSelfSig(): CertifyUserId
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class, SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected::class)
+    fun keys(keys: InputStream): CertifyUserId
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class, SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected::class)
+    fun keys(keys: ByteArray): CertifyUserId = keys(keys.inputStream())
+
+    @Throws(
+        SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class, SOPGPException.CertUserIdNoMatch::class)
+    fun certs(certs: InputStream): Ready
+
+    @Throws(
+        SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class, SOPGPException.CertUserIdNoMatch::class)
+    fun certs(certs: ByteArray): Ready = certs(certs.inputStream())
+}

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/operation/MergeCerts.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.operation
+
+import java.io.IOException
+import java.io.InputStream
+import sop.Ready
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException
+
+interface MergeCerts {
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class) fun noArmor(): MergeCerts
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class)
+    fun updates(updateCerts: InputStream): MergeCerts
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class)
+    fun updates(updateCerts: ByteArray): MergeCerts = updates(updateCerts.inputStream())
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class)
+    fun baseCertificates(certs: InputStream): Ready
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class)
+    fun baseCertificates(certs: ByteArray): Ready = baseCertificates(certs.inputStream())
+}

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/operation/UpdateKey.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.operation
+
+import java.io.IOException
+import java.io.InputStream
+import sop.Ready
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException
+import sop.util.UTF8Util
+
+interface UpdateKey {
+
+    /**
+     * Disable ASCII armor encoding of the output.
+     *
+     * @return builder instance
+     */
+    fun noArmor(): UpdateKey
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class) fun signingOnly(): UpdateKey
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class) fun noNewMechanisms(): UpdateKey
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable::class, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class)
+    fun withKeyPassword(password: String): UpdateKey =
+        withKeyPassword(password.toByteArray(UTF8Util.UTF8))
+
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable::class, SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class)
+    fun withKeyPassword(password: ByteArray): UpdateKey
+
+    @Throws(
+        SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class, SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class)
+    fun mergeCerts(certs: InputStream): UpdateKey
+
+    @Throws(
+        SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class, SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class)
+    fun mergeCerts(certs: ByteArray): UpdateKey = mergeCerts(certs.inputStream())
+
+    @Throws(
+        SOPGPException.BadData::class,
+        IOException::class,
+        SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected::class,
+        SOPGPException.PrimaryKeyBad::class)
+    fun key(key: InputStream): Ready
+
+    @Throws(
+        SOPGPException.BadData::class,
+        IOException::class,
+        SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected::class,
+        SOPGPException.PrimaryKeyBad::class)
+    fun key(key: ByteArray): Ready = key(key.inputStream())
+}

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/operation/ValidateUserId.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.operation
+
+import java.io.IOException
+import java.io.InputStream
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException
+
+/** Subcommand to validate UserIDs on certificates. */
+interface ValidateUserId {
+
+    /**
+     * If this is set, then the USERID is treated as an e-mail address, and matched only against the
+     * e-mail address part of each correctly bound User ID. The rest of each correctly bound User ID
+     * is ignored.
+     *
+     * @return this
+     */
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class) fun addrSpecOnly(): ValidateUserId
+
+    /**
+     * Set the UserID to validate. To match only the email address, call [addrSpecOnly].
+     *
+     * @param userId UserID or email address
+     * @return this
+     */
+    fun userId(userId: String): ValidateUserId
+
+    /**
+     * Add certificates, which act as authorities. The [userId] is only considered correctly bound,
+     * if it was bound by an authoritative certificate.
+     *
+     * @param certs authoritative certificates
+     * @return this
+     */
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class)
+    fun authorities(certs: InputStream): ValidateUserId
+
+    /**
+     * Add certificates, which act as authorities. The [userId] is only considered correctly bound,
+     * if it was bound by an authoritative certificate.
+     *
+     * @param certs authoritative certificates
+     * @return this
+     */
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class)
+    fun authorities(certs: ByteArray): ValidateUserId = authorities(certs.inputStream())
+
+    /**
+     * Add subject certificates, on which UserID bindings are validated.
+     *
+     * @param certs subject certificates
+     * @return true if all subject certificates have a correct binding to the UserID.
+     * @throws SOPGPException.BadData if the subject certificates are malformed
+     * @throws IOException if a parser exception happens
+     * @throws SOPGPException.CertUserIdNoMatch if any subject certificate does not have a correctly
+     *   bound UserID that matches [userId].
+     */
+    @Throws(
+        SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class, SOPGPException.CertUserIdNoMatch::class)
+    fun subjects(certs: InputStream): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * Add subject certificates, on which UserID bindings are validated.
+     *
+     * @param certs subject certificates
+     * @return true if all subject certificates have a correct binding to the UserID.
+     * @throws SOPGPException.BadData if the subject certificates are malformed
+     * @throws IOException if a parser exception happens
+     * @throws SOPGPException.CertUserIdNoMatch if any subject certificate does not have a correctly
+     *   bound UserID that matches [userId].
+     */
+    @Throws(
+        SOPGPException.BadData::class, IOException::class, SOPGPException.CertUserIdNoMatch::class)
+    fun subjects(certs: ByteArray): Boolean = subjects(certs.inputStream())
+}

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/operation/Version.kt

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
 
 package sop.operation
 
+import kotlin.jvm.Throws
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException
+
 interface Version {
 
     /**
@@ -97,4 +100,11 @@ interface Version {
      * @return remarks or null
      */
     fun getSopSpecImplementationRemarks(): String?
+
+    /**
+     * Return the single-line SEMVER version of the sopv interface subset it provides complete
+     * coverage of. If the implementation does not provide complete coverage for any sopv interface,
+     * this method throws an [SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption] instead.
+     */
+    @Throws(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption::class) fun getSopVVersion(): String
 }

sop-java/src/main/kotlin/sop/util/ProxyOutputStream.kt

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import java.io.OutputStream
  * class is useful if we need to provide an [OutputStream] at one point in time when the final
  * target output stream is not yet known.
  */
+@Deprecated("Marked for removal.")
 class ProxyOutputStream : OutputStream() {
     private val buffer = ByteArrayOutputStream()
     private var swapped: OutputStream? = null

sop-java/src/testFixtures/java/sop/testsuite/assertions/SopExecutionAssertions.java

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 Paul Schaub <vanitasvitae@fsfe.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package sop.testsuite.assertions;
+
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException;
+
+import java.util.function.IntSupplier;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+
+/**
+ * DSL for testing the return values of SOP method calls.
+ */
+public class SopExecutionAssertions {
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns 0.
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute
+     */
+    public static void assertSuccess(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(0, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns a generic error with error code 1.
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertGenericError(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(1, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns a non-zero error code.
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute
+     */
+    public static void assertAnyError(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertNotEquals(0, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 3
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.NoSignature}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertNoSignature(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.NoSignature.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 13
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertUnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.UnsupportedAsymmetricAlgo.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 17
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertCertCannotEncrypt(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.CertCannotEncrypt.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 19
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.MissingArg}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertMissingArg(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.MissingArg.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 23
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.IncompleteVerification}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertIncompleteVerification(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.IncompleteVerification.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 29
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.CannotDecrypt}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertCannotDecrypt(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.CannotDecrypt.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 31
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertPasswordNotHumanReadable(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.PasswordNotHumanReadable.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 37
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertUnsupportedOption(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 41
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.BadData}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertBadData(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.BadData.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 53
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.ExpectedText}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertExpectedText(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.ExpectedText.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 59
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.OutputExists}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertOutputExists(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.OutputExists.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 61
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.MissingInput}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertMissingInput(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.MissingInput.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 67
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertKeyIsProtected(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.KeyIsProtected.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 69
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.UnsupportedSubcommand}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertUnsupportedSubcommand(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.UnsupportedSubcommand.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 71
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.UnsupportedSpecialPrefix}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertUnsupportedSpecialPrefix(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.UnsupportedSpecialPrefix.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 73
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.AmbiguousInput}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertAmbiguousInput(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.AmbiguousInput.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 79
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertKeyCannotSign(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.KeyCannotSign.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 83
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.IncompatibleOptions}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertIncompatibleOptions(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.IncompatibleOptions.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the execution of the given function returns error code 89
+     * (which corresponds to {@link sop.exception.SOPGPException.UnsupportedProfile}).
+     *
+     * @param function function to execute.
+     */
+    public static void assertUnsupportedProfile(IntSupplier function) {
+        assertEquals(SOPGPException.UnsupportedProfile.EXIT_CODE, function.getAsInt());
+    }
+}

sop-java/src/testFixtures/java/sop/testsuite/operation/EncryptDecryptTest.java

@@ -327,4 +327,15 @@ public class EncryptDecryptTest extends AbstractSOPTest {
                 .toByteArrayAndResult()
                 .getBytes());
     }
+
+    @ParameterizedTest
+    @MethodSource("provideInstances")
+    public void passingSecretKeysForPublicKeysFails(SOP sop) {
+        assertThrows(SOPGPException.BadData.class, () ->
+                sop.encrypt()
+                        .withCert(TestData.ALICE_KEY.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
+                        .plaintext(TestData.PLAINTEXT.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
+                        .toByteArrayAndResult()
+                        .getBytes());
+    }
 }

sop-java/src/testFixtures/java/sop/testsuite/operation/VersionTest.java

@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.condition.EnabledIf;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+import org.opentest4j.TestAbortedException;
 import sop.SOP;
+import sop.exception.SOPGPException;
 
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;
 
 @EnabledIf("sop.testsuite.operation.AbstractSOPTest#hasBackends")
 public class VersionTest extends AbstractSOPTest {
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ public class VersionTest extends AbstractSOPTest {
         try {
             sop.version().getSopSpecVersion();
         } catch (RuntimeException e) {
-            assumeTrue(false); // SOP backend does not support this operation yet
+            throw new TestAbortedException("SOP backend does not support 'version --sop-spec' yet.");
         }
 
         String sopSpec = sop.version().getSopSpecVersion();
@@ -72,4 +73,17 @@ public class VersionTest extends AbstractSOPTest {
         int sopRevision = sop.version().getSopSpecRevisionNumber();
         assertTrue(sop.version().getSopSpecRevisionName().endsWith("" + sopRevision));
     }
+
+    @ParameterizedTest
+    @MethodSource("provideInstances")
+    public void sopVVersionTest(SOP sop) {
+        try {
+            sop.version().getSopVVersion();
+        } catch (SOPGPException.UnsupportedOption e) {
+            throw new TestAbortedException(
+                    "Implementation does (gracefully) not provide coverage for any sopv interface version.");
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            throw new TestAbortedException("Implementation does not provide coverage for any sopv interface version.");
+        }
+    }
 }

version.gradle

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 allprojects {
     ext {
-        shortVersion = '8.0.2'
+        shortVersion = '11.0.0'
         isSnapshot = true
         minAndroidSdk = 10
         javaSourceCompatibility = 1.8
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ allprojects {
         jsrVersion = '3.0.2'
         junitVersion = '5.8.2'
         junitSysExitVersion = '1.1.2'
-        logbackVersion = '1.2.11'
+        logbackVersion = '1.2.13'
         mockitoVersion = '4.5.1'
         picocliVersion = '4.6.3'
         slf4jVersion = '1.7.36'